[MAIPC] Care2 Healthy Living <healthy-and-green-living at australia.care2.com>
Marc Imlay
ialm at erols.com
Tue Jul 26 15:25:22 PDT 2016
What is an Invasive Species?
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<http://www.care2.com/greenliving/author/treehugger6>
* By: TreeHugger
<http://www.care2.com/greenliving/author/treehugger6>
* July 25, 2016
* About TreeHugger
<http://www.care2.com/greenliving/author/treehugger6>
* Follow TreeHugger at @TreeHugger
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An <https://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Threats-to-Wildlife/Invasive-Species.aspx>
invasive species is a nonnative organism that causes ecological harm after
being introduced to a new environment. Humans are responsible for the spread
of a majority of earth's invasive species, often carrying them to different
parts of the world on ships. Once they enter a new ecosystem, invasive
species can outcompete native organisms for resources like food, especially
if they lack natural predators. Some invasive species also carry diseases
that kill native organisms, and many will consume native plants and animals.
Invasive species can ultimately cause the decline or extinction of native
species, decreasing biodiversity in an ecosystem.
Invasive species have cost humans at least
<http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/habitats/forests/howwework/protecting-
native-plants-and-animals-taking-on-the-invaders.xml> $1.4 trillion dollars
globally in damages, approximately five percent of the world's economy. In
the United States alone, invasive plants affect over
<http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/habitats/forests/explore/invasives-101
.xml> 100 million acres of land each year, and invasive species have
contributed to the population declines of 42% of America's threatened or
endangered species.
While humans are responsible for the introduction of many nonnative species
to new habitats, the relocation of organisms is not a recent phenomenon.
Species migrations have been affecting ecosystems since life began on earth.
Approximately 3 million years ago, the ecosystems of North and South America
were forever changed as dozens of genera of animals migrated between the two
continents along the newly formed Isthmus of Panama in an event known as the
<http://facstaff.uwa.edu/jmccall/Biogeog/Great%20American%20Interchange.ppt>
Great American Biotic Interchange. Armadillos, porcupines, and sloths
colonized North America, while horses and predators like foxes and bears
entered the southern continent. The introduction of these new predators to
South America led to the extinction of many mammalian species that lived
there, including all 13 native species of
<http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/mammal/eutheria/ungulate.html> ungulates
(hoofed mammals).
Love This? Never Miss Another Story.
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Still, humans have brought invasive species to new environments in
<https://www.britannica.com/science/invasive-species> previously unmatched
capacities. In 1827, European settlers brought
<https://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive-species/publications/f
actsheet-european-wild-rabbit-oryctolagus-cuniculus> wild rabbits
(Oryctolagus cuniculus) to Australia to remind them of home. The rabbits
reproduced quickly and soon began to kill many native shrubs and trees by
consuming their seeds and stripping off their bark. By damaging vegetation,
rabbits also decreased the number of food sources for many of the small
ground-dwelling mammals that lived in Australia, leading to their
extinction. To combat the rabbit infestation, Europeans introduced the
<https://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive-species/publications/f
actsheet-european-red-fox-vulpes-vulpes> red fox (Vulpes vulpes) to
Australia in the 1850s, hoping that it would kill a large portion of the
rabbits. Instead, it ate native rodents and marsupials, causing declines in
native animal populations. Today, many invasive species are still
intentionally brought to different parts of the world to serve as pets, and
invasive plants like
<https://www.lakerestoration.com/t-milfoil-control.aspx> watermilfoil
(Myriophyllum) are used as decorations in aquariums.
<http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/2401830> Mike Pennington/
<http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/deed.en> CC BY-SA 2.0
Most invasive species, however, are introduced accidentally. During the 18th
and 19th centuries, European explorers unintentionally carried
<http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=19> black rats (Rattus rattus)
and <http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=159> brown rats (Rattus
norvegicus) on their ships as they visited new lands, eventually introducing
the two species to every continent but Antarctica. When introduced to new
regions, the rats fed on native birds, mammals, reptiles, and seeds and
spread diseases, hurting native plant and animal populations. Rats still
cost humans hundreds of millions of dollars in damages every year.
Today, there are thousands of invasive species worldwide and
<https://www.fws.gov/invasives/faq.html#q7> approximately 4,300 in the
United States alone.
<http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1958657_1958
656_1958305,00.html> Kudzu, one of the worst invasive plants in America,
covers at least seven million acres of land in the Southeast United States.
<http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/invasives/aquaticanimals/zebramussel/index.html>
Zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) clog pipes and starve out native fish
in the Great Lakes and New England.
<https://www.nwf.org/Wildlife/Threats-to-Wildlife/Invasive-Species/Asian-Car
p.aspx> Asian carp, another invasive species, have been outcompeting native
fish for resources in at least 23 states since the 1980s.
The best way to curb the damages of invasive species is to
<http://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/habitats/forests/help/invasive-plant-s
pecies-invasive-species-education-1.xml> prevent their spread in the first
place. Learn to identify the invasive species that affect your community so
that you can report them to your local land manager if sighted. Always clean
boats before entering new bodies of water, as this will prevent the
introduction of invasive species like zebra mussels or watermilfoil to
uncontaminated water systems. Avoid purchasing nonnative decorative plants,
but if you do, never release them into the wild.
For more information on how to prevent the spread of invasive species, check
out this video from the <http://www.michigan.gov/deq/> Michigan Department
of Environmental Quality.
From: Care2 Healthy Living
[mailto:healthy-and-green-living at australia.care2.com]
Sent: Tuesday, July 26, 2016 11:36 AM
To: Marc and Alice Imlay <ialm at erols.com>
Subject: Why You Should Eat Kohlrabi, It's OK That You're Not Perfect, Green
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