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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">As a general rule, many biennial plants can function as short-lived perennials.
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Alan V. Tasker, Ph.D.
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#1F497D">Senior Regulatory Policy Specialist<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#1F497D">USDA Animal & Plant Health Inspection Service
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#1F497D">Plant Protection & Quarantine
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#1F497D">Regulations, Permits & Manuals;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Consolas;color:#1F497D">Plants for Planting Import Policy Staff<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">4700 River Road, 4C01.23</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Riverdale, MD 20737<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#4F81BD">Desk 301-851-2224 Mobile 301-346-7207<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><a href="http://www.aphis.usda.gov/planthealth/nappra"><span lang="EN" style="color:blue">http://www.aphis.usda.gov/planthealth/nappra</span></a></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Baskerville Old Face","serif";color:#C00000">Subscribe to the PPQ Stakeholder registry at:</span></b><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#C00000">
</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><a href="https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USDAAPHIS/subscriber/new"><b>https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USDAAPHIS/subscriber/new</b></a></span><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#C00000"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif""> MAIPC [mailto:maipc-bounces@lists.maipc.org]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Coon, Cheryl R -FS<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Monday, June 01, 2015 12:16 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> maipc@lists.maipc.org<br>
<b>Subject:</b> [MAIPC] FW: The Garlic Monster - Third Year Adults and Beyond.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">FYI, both Jill Vance and Vicki Meretsky testifie to large third year (and beyond) adults here in IN. See their messages below<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black">Cheryl Coon
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Forest Botanist<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black">Forest Service
<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#28742E">Hoosier National Forest, Brownstown Ranger District<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black">p: 812-276-4773
<br>
f: 812-279-3423 <br>
<a href="mailto:ccoon@fs.fed.us">ccoon@fs.fed.us</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black">811 Constitution Ave.<br>
Bedford, IN 47421<br>
<a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/">www.fs.fed.us</a> <br>
</span><a href="http://usda.gov/"><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";text-decoration:none"><img border="0" width="20" height="14" id="_x0000_i1026" src="cid:image002.png@01D09C8B.A29C3DC0" alt="USDA Logo"></span></a><a href="https://twitter.com/forestservice"><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";text-decoration:none"><img border="0" width="19" height="16" id="_x0000_i1027" src="cid:image003.png@01D09C8B.A29C3DC0" alt="Forest Service Twitter"></span></a><a href="https://www.facebook.com/pages/US-Forest-Service/1431984283714112"><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";text-decoration:none"><img border="0" width="16" height="16" id="_x0000_i1028" src="cid:image004.png@01D09C8B.A29C3DC0" alt="USDA Facebook"></span></a><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#28742E">Caring for the land and serving people<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif""> Vance, Jill [<a href="mailto:jvance@dnr.IN.gov">mailto:jvance@dnr.IN.gov</a>]
<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Sunday, May 31, 2015 10:47 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> <a href="mailto:meretsky@indiana.edu">meretsky@indiana.edu</a>; Coon, Cheryl R -FS<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: The Garlic Monster - Third Year Adults and Beyond.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">I can confirm that individual plants can definitely make it to at least their 3rd year - and it wouldn't surprise me to hear about them going beyond that.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">Jill Vance, C.I.G. Interpretive Naturalist for Monroe Lake<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black"><a href="mailto:jvance@dnr.IN.gov">jvance@dnr.IN.gov</a>; 812-837-9967 (Paynetown Activity Center)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">Official Monroe Lake Website:
<a href="http://www.stateparks.in.gov/2954.htm" id="NoLP">http://www.stateparks.in.gov/2954.htm</a></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black"> Meretsky, Vicky J. <<a href="mailto:meretsky@indiana.edu">meretsky@indiana.edu</a>><br>
<b>Sent:</b> Thursday, May 28, 2015 6:36 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> Coon, Cheryl R -FS; Vance, Jill<br>
<b>Subject:</b> RE: The Garlic Monster - Third Year Adults and Beyond.</span><span style="font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#212121">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:12.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">I have seen this same behavior in mullein. Zion National Park had a control program, and one year, in some areas, instead of digging
out the roots, they simply wacked off the flowering stalks. The next year, the plants came back like Godzilla. It was nothing short of frightening.
</span><span style="color:#212121"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:12.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">I don’t know if individual plants can hang on for more years, but I wouldn’t be surprised if at least some didn’t make it to at least
4, if thwarted in their reproductive attempts again. </span><span style="color:#212121"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:12.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">I suspect a fair number of biennials have this kind of a fail-safe mechanism. Natural selection really does favor successful reproduction
rather strongly :-)</span><span style="color:#212121"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"> </span><span style="color:#212121"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:#212121">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:#212121"> Coon, Cheryl R -FS [<a href="mailto:ccoon@fs.fed.us">mailto:ccoon@fs.fed.us</a>]
<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Thursday, May 28, 2015 4:24 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> Meretsky, Vicky J.; Jill Vance (<a href="mailto:jvance@dnr.in.gov">jvance@dnr.in.gov</a>)<br>
<b>Subject:</b> FW: The Garlic Monster - Third Year Adults and Beyond.</span><span style="color:#212121"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#212121"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Thought you two might know something about this. Part of discussion with Mid_Atlantic Invasive Plant Group (includes Ohio and east).</span><span style="color:#212121"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black">Cheryl Coon
<br>
Forest Botanist</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black">Forest Service
</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#28742E">Hoosier National Forest, Brownstown Ranger District</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black">p: 812-276-4773
<br>
f: 812-279-3423 <br>
<a href="mailto:ccoon@fs.fed.us">ccoon@fs.fed.us</a></span></b><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black">811 Constitution Ave.<br>
Bedford, IN 47421<br>
<a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/">www.fs.fed.us</a> <br>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#28742E">Caring for the land and serving people</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:#212121">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:#212121"> MAIPC [<a href="mailto:maipc-bounces@lists.maipc.org">mailto:maipc-bounces@lists.maipc.org</a>]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Ellis, Michael<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Thursday, May 28, 2015 2:13 PM<br>
<b>To:</b> MA-IPC MA-IPC<br>
<b>Subject:</b> [MAIPC] The Garlic Monster - Third Year Adults and Beyond.</span><span style="color:#212121"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#212121">As we begin to wrap up our Garlic Mustard season, I've become fascinated by the resiliency of the species.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#212121">I'm seeing tremendous numbers of garlic mustard adults surviving into a third year if their stems were broken off in the year prior. Their wounds simply heal, their roots become massive and they sprout new stems
and seeds.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#212121">Here is a photo I took today in Beltsville of a specimen that survived our great Garlic Mustard pull of 2014, healed, and re-emerged:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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Would this not imply that these plants can come up again, possibly a fourth of fifth year if seeding was unsuccessful?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#212121">This has me wondering if plants could bounce back after damage from say, an introduced biological control.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#212121">Any thoughts?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#212121">Michael Ellis<br>
Non-Native Invasive Plant Specialist<br>
Natural and Historical Resources Division, Park Ranger Office<br>
The Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission<br>
<a href="http://www.pgparks.com">www.pgparks.com</a> <br>
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<a href="tel:240-429-5042">240-429-5042</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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