<div dir="ltr">Information provided by our botanist Robin Haggie:<div>Rick <br><div><p style="margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif"><strong><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:'Bell MT',serif;color:black">Native status in North America</span></strong><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:black">: There is some confusion as to the native status of reed canarygrass in North America. Most North American floras treat reed canarygrass as a native species [<a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html#14" target="_blank">14</a>,<a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html#50" target="_blank">50</a>,<a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html#83" target="_blank">83</a>,<a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html#87" target="_blank">87</a>,<a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html#111" target="_blank">111</a>,<a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html#113" target="_blank">113</a>,<a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html#187" target="_blank">187</a>,<a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html#192" target="_blank">192</a>,<a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html#298" target="_blank">298</a>]. Publications from the inland Northwest [<a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html#94" target="_blank">94</a>,<a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html#97" target="_blank">97</a>,<a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html#205" target="_blank">205</a>], New Mexico [<a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html#220" target="_blank">220</a>], the Great Plains [<a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html#59" target="_blank">59</a>], the Great Lakes area [<a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html#53" target="_blank">53</a>,<a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html#128" target="_blank">128</a>,<a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html#130" target="_blank">130</a>,<a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html#195" target="_blank">195</a>,<a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html#246" target="_blank">246</a>], Pennsylvania [<a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html#309" target="_blank">309</a>], Ontario [<a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html#58" target="_blank">58</a>], and Manitoba [<a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html#213" target="_blank">213</a>] consider reed canarygrass native in their area. However, a few publications regard reed canarygrass as a nonnative in the Pacific Northwest [<a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html#185" target="_blank">185</a>,<a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html#274" target="_blank">274</a>,<a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html#301" target="_blank">301</a>].<u></u><u></u></span></p><p style="margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:black">Evidence that reed canarygrass is native to at least some locations in North America includes a study of historical documents and herbaria records of reed canarygrass collected in the inland northwestern United States prior to widespread European settlement in that area [<a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html#205" target="_blank">205</a>]. Similarly, a study of herbaria records in Quebec found a few specimens of reed canarygrass collected from remote locations during the 19th century, supporting the contention that it is native there [<a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html#170" target="_blank">170</a>].<u></u><u></u></span></p><p style="margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:black">Invasive populations of reed canarygrass occur in many areas throughout its range, particularly in the northwestern [<a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html#35" target="_blank">35</a>,<a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html#66" target="_blank">66</a>,<a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html#188" target="_blank">188</a>,<a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html#234" target="_blank">234</a>,<a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html#248" target="_blank">248</a>] and north-central [<a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html#15" target="_blank">15</a>,<a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html#145" target="_blank">145</a>,<a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html#196" target="_blank">196</a>,<a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html#240" target="_blank">240</a>] United States, and increasingly in eastern North America [<a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html#170" target="_blank">170</a>]. It is generally thought that invasive populations are comprised of either nonnative strains or hybrids between nonnative and native strains [<a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html#58" target="_blank">58</a>,<a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html#196" target="_blank">196</a>,<a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html#205" target="_blank">205</a>,<a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html#246" target="_blank">246</a>,<a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html#271" target="_blank">271</a>]. Researchers in Ontario [<a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html#58" target="_blank">58</a>] observed noninvasive populations of reed canarygrass in “native habitats” along the shores of the northern Great Lakes and the upper Ottawa and French rivers, as well as invasive populations in anthropogenically altered landscapes. They speculated that noninvasive populations were native, while invasive populations were the progeny of European cultivars [<a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html#58" target="_blank">58</a>]. A genetic analysis of populations in Europe and North America (Vermont and New Hampshire) indicates that invasive populations of reed canarygrass in North America are comprised of genotypes resulting from multiple introductions of European cultivars and subsequent interbreeding of these populations [<a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html#169" target="_blank">169</a>]. The long history of repeated introductions of reed canarygrass into North America has resulted in substantially higher within-population genetic diversity in its introduced range as compared with its native range, allowing for rapid selection of novel genotypes and increased invasive potential [<a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html#169" target="_blank">169</a>]. See <a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html#Genetic%20variability" target="_blank">Genetic variability</a> for a discussion of variable traits that may influence the invasiveness of reed canarygrass.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p style="margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:black">Native populations of reed canarygrass that have not been exposed to gene flow from nonnative strains may no longer occur in North America. Additionally, morphological variability makes it difficult, if not impossible, to distinguish between native and nonnative populations [<a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html#205" target="_blank">205</a>]. Decisions to control populations of reed canarygrass may be based on its <a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html#Impacts" target="_blank">impacts</a> in a given area rather than its ambiguous native status.<u></u><u></u></span></p><p style="margin-right:0in;margin-left:0in;font-size:12pt;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;color:black">Reference: <a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html" target="_blank">http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/phaaru/all.html</a></span></p></div></div></div><div class="gmail_extra"><br><div class="gmail_quote">On Thu, Jul 9, 2015 at 10:43 AM, Mark Frey <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:runcator@gmail.com" target="_blank">runcator@gmail.com</a>></span> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr">All<div><br></div><div>Do you treat Phalaris arundinacea? Everywhere?</div><div><br></div><div>This species likely has both native and non-native strains in North America. When I worked in Ohio we treated it as non-native but many DC-area floras treat it as native.</div><div><br></div><div>Some key references (thanks to Rob Soreng):</div><div><span style="color:rgb(31,73,125);font-family:Calibri,sans-serif;font-size:14.6666669845581px">-Baldini, R. M. 1995. Revision of the genus Phalaris L. (Gramineae). Webbia 49(2): 265–329.</span></div><div><font color="#1f497d" face="Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:14.6666669845581px">-Shetler, S. G., S. S. Orli, E. F. Wells & M. Bayersdorfer. 2006. Checklist of the vascular plants of Plummers Island, Maryland – Contribution XXIX to the natural history of Plummers Island, Maryland. Bull. Biol. Soc. Wash. 14: i–iii + 1–58.<br></span></font></div><div><span style="font-size:14.6666669845581px;color:rgb(31,73,125);font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">-Ibrahim, K. M. & P. M. Peterson. 2014. Grasses of Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Contr. Bot. 99: 1–128.</span></div><div><font color="#1f497d" face="Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:14.6666669845581px"> </span></font></div><div><font color="#1f497d" face="Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:14.6666669845581px">This may be informative but I don't yet have access to it:</span></font></div><div><font color="#1f497d" face="Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:14.6666669845581px">Merigliano, M. F. & P. Lesica. 1998. The native status of reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) in the inland northwest, USA. Nat. Areas J. 18: 223–230.</span></font></div><div><font color="#1f497d" face="Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:14.6666669845581px"><br></span></font></div><div><font color="#1f497d" face="Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:14.6666669845581px">Thanks,</span></font></div><div><font color="#1f497d" face="Calibri, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:14.6666669845581px">Mark Frey</span></font></div></div>
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