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<div>Speaking of biocontrol, there will be a symposium on this topic at the upcoming Northeast Plant, Pest, and Soils Conference in Philadelphia. See the website program for more information:
<a href="https://www.signup4.net/public/ap.aspx?EID=NPPS16E&OID=162">https://www.signup4.net/public/ap.aspx?EID=NPPS16E&OID=162</a></div>
<div>Steve </div>
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<span style="font-weight:bold">From: </span>MAIPC <<a href="mailto:maipc-bounces@lists.maipc.org">maipc-bounces@lists.maipc.org</a>> on behalf of Marc Imlay <<a href="mailto:ialm@erols.com">ialm@erols.com</a>><br>
<span style="font-weight:bold">Date: </span>Thursday, September 17, 2015 at 6:07 AM<br>
<span style="font-weight:bold">To: </span>"<a href="mailto:maipc@lists.maipc.org">maipc@lists.maipc.org</a>" <<a href="mailto:maipc@lists.maipc.org">maipc@lists.maipc.org</a>><br>
<span style="font-weight:bold">Subject: </span>[MAIPC] Biocontrols<br>
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<div lang="EN-US" link="blue" vlink="purple">
<div class="WordSection1">
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);">Attached is our updated working document on biological controls with the addition of Spotted Knapweed. Cheers<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:blue">Marc Imlay, PhD,
</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: blue;">Chair, Biological control working Group </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);"></span><span style="color:blue"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: blue;">Conservation biologist, Park Ranger Office, Non-native Invasive Plant Control coordinator.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: blue;"></span><span style="color:blue"><br>
</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: blue;">(301) 442-5657 cell </span></b><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);"><a href="mailto:ialm@erols.com" target="_blank" title="blocked::mailto:ialm@erols.com">ialm@erols.com</a></span><b><span style="color:#1F497D"><br>
</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: blue;">Natural and Historical Resources Division</span><span style="color:blue"><br>
</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: blue;">The Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission</span><span style="color:blue"><br>
</span><span style="color:#1F497D"><a href="http://www.pgparks.com/" target="_blank" title="blocked::http://www.pgparks.com/
blocked::http://www.pgparks.com/
blocked::http://www.pgparks.com/
blocked::blocked::blocked::http://www.pgparks.com/
blocked::blocked::http://www.pgparks.com/
blocked::http://www.pgparks.com/
blocked::http://www.pgparks.co"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; text-decoration: none;">www.pgparks.com</span></a></span><span style="color:blue"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:blue"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<div style="mso-element:para-border-div;border:none;border-bottom:solid #4F81BD 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 4.0pt 0in">
<p class="MsoTitle"><span lang="X-NONE">Mid-Atlantic Invasive Plant Council<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<h1><span lang="X-NONE">Biological Control Work Group<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="SubtitleChar"><b><span lang="X-NONE">Motto</span></b></span><span class="SubtitleChar"><span lang="X-NONE"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Biological control agents help manage invasive plants beyond where we cut, pull and spray.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoSubtitle"><b><span lang="X-NONE">Purpose and Scope<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">The group will investigate biological control agents relevant to the mid-Atlantic region and the eastern U.S., affecting aquatic and terrestrial species and ecosystems and provide updates and status
reports to the board. We will ensure that the board is kept informed of relevant research, concerns and approvals and provided with information needed to obtain and use them.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoSubtitle"><b><span lang="X-NONE">Objectives<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">1. Provide review and current status of research on candidate biological control agents.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">2. Provide land managers practical up-to date information on how to obtain and use approved biological control agents.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">3. Provide the latest information on current distribution and success of available biological control agents in controlling target, non-native invasive plants at the established sites.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">4. Describe potential or actual measures of damage by biological control agents to non-target plants at these sites.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoSubtitle"><b><span lang="X-NONE">Work Group Members<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Marc Imlay, PhD (Chair)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Conservation Biologist
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">MNCPPC Prince Georges County<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Park Ranger Office<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Natural and Historical Resources Division<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Non-native Invasive Plant Control Coordinator<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">(301) 442-5657 cell
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><a href="mailto:ialm@erols.com">ialm@erols.com</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">William L. Bruckart III<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Research Plant Pathologist</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">USDA, ARS, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit (FDWSRU)</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">1301 Ditto Ave.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Ft. Detrick, MD 21702</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Phone: 301/619-2846</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">FAX: 301/619-2880</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before:auto">
</span>
<div class="WordSection2">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><a href="mailto:william.bruckart@ars.usda">william.bruckart@ars.usda</a>.gov</span><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</div>
<b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before:auto">
</span></b>
<div class="WordSection3">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Judy Hough-Goldstein<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Professor<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Dept. Entomology & Wildlife Ecology<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">University of Delaware<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">531 South College Ave.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Newark DE 19716-2160<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">(302) 831-2529 phone<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><a href="mailto:jhough@udel.edu">jhough@udel.edu</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">John Peter Thompson<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Principal Investigator, Bioeconomic Policy Analyst<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Chair, Prince George's County Historic Preservation Commission<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">President, National Agricultural Research Alliance-Beltsville<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Upper Marlboro, MD<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">(301) 440 8404<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><a href="mailto:petrus@msn.com">petrus@msn.com</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Robert H. Tichenor, Jr.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">National Policy Manager Biological Control</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">USDA APHIS PPQ Plant Health Programs</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">4700 River Rd, Unit 133, Riverdale, MD 20737</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">(301) 851-2198</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><a href="mailto:Robert.H.Tichenor@aphis.usda.gov">Robert.H.Tichenor@aphis.usda.gov</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before:auto">
</span>
<div class="WordSection4">
<p class="MsoSubtitle"><b><span lang="X-NONE">Background<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Our tool kit for successful control of non-native invasive plants includes: preventing new invasive species from coming into the United States; manually removing established plants; treating infestations
with carefully targeted herbicides; and releasing host-specific biological control agents.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Classical biological control involves the importation and release of host-specific natural enemies to help regulate pest populations (Van Driesche et al. 2010). This strategy is used to manage
invasive non-native species that lack effective natural enemies in the region where they have been introduced. In order to avoid direct damage to non-target species, biological control agents must be highly host specific.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Agents are brought over after being tested for host specificity in their native range and then tested in quarantine conditions in the United States. Protocol for evaluating candidate plant pathogens (Berner
and Bruckart 2005) is very thorough and similar to that for development of insects and other organisms.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Safety is paramount in the use of biological control agents, particularly if they are of foreign origin. Agents are only approved for release if testing indicates a very low likelihood of non-target
effects, as determined by the Technical Advisory Group for Biological Control Agents of Weeds (TAG), a group of experts that report to USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS).
</span>Because some agents introduced into the U.S. prior to the 1980s were not completely host-specific, more value is now placed on conservation of native species; and some of these agents would not be approved for importation today (Van Wilgen et al. 2013).<span style="color:#17365D"></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Although
such species may provide some control, we do not recommend deliberate release where they have not yet dispersed on their own. . The safety record in the current regulatory environment is very good, including that of both insects (Pemberton 2000, Van Wilgen
et al. 2013), and plant pathogens and other microbials (Barton 2004, 2012; Cook et al. 1996).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Effectiveness of classical biological control can vary, but of 49 invasive plant projects considered in a recent review (Van Driesche et al. 2010), 27% (13) achieved complete control, 33% (16)
provided partial control, and 49% (24) were still in progress. Biological control can be dramatic, but results often vary depending on weather and ecological conditions, which can impose different effects on a biological control agent, the target plant, and
the competitive ability of the resident community. Suppression of a target plant can also sometimes allow other non-native invasive plants to take over, and therefore restoration planting may be required in some situations (Cutting and Hough-Goldstein 2013;
Lake et al. 2013).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Several invasive plant species in Mid-Atlantic natural areas (Swearingen et al. 2010) have one or more host-specific insect species that have been tested and approved for release, while others
have had extensive studies conducted on host-specific insects, with petitions for release submitted to TAG, but with proposed releases still under review (TAG Petitions, 2013; see species updates, below). For some species, biological control agents may already
exist in the U.S. in the form of native insects and pathogens that have adapted to the invasive species over time, or non-native species that were accidentally introduced. These are also included in the species updates, below.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoSubtitle"><b><span lang="X-NONE">Species Updates<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoSubtitle"><span lang="X-NONE">TERRESTRIAL PLANTS<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoSubtitle">Grasses<o:p></o:p></p>
<h3><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%">Japanese stiltgrass<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">The annual grass Japanese stiltgrass (<i>Microstegium vimineum</i>) can be highly invasive, especially on disturbed sites, and it is currently widely distributed in the eastern U.S. In Oak Ridge
National Environmental Research Park, Tennessee, Japanese stiltgrass was ranked the most aggressively invasive nonnative species, based on distribution, abundance, relative difficulty of control, and ability to exclude native plant species (Fryer 2011). Two
species of <i>Bipolaris</i> have been described as cause of leaf spots and necrosis of Japanese stiltgrass in the Eastern U.S.; some evidence is that disease may be suppressing local populations. Host range of these species has not been fully tested, although
limited symptom development was reported on a few important grass (grain) species in artificial tests (Kleczewski et al. 2012). Research is on-going about this pathogen(s), its host, and the potential for use in biological control of Japanese stiltgrass.
If you</span> see leaf blight <span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">on Japanese stiltgrass during the growing season please contact work group member William L. Bruckart, III.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="margin-top:0in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%"><o:p> </o:p></span></h3>
<h3 style="margin-top:0in"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%">Common reed
<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<h3 style="margin-top:0in"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-weight:normal">Common reed (<i>Phragmites australis</i>) is highly invasive in eastern North America, apparently due to the cryptic introduction of a non-native subspecies
(<i>P. australis</i> subsp. <i>australis</i>). A native, non-invasive subspecies (<i>P. australis</i> subsp.
<i>americanus</i>) has an overlapping distribution with the invasive subspecies and appears to be declining in abundance. The presence of the native subspecies complicates biological control of this plant, since even highly host-specific insects may feed on
both subspecies.<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Tewksbury et al. (2002) reported 26 herbivores known to feed on
<i>P. australis </i>in North America, many of which had been accidentally introduced. In Europe, more than 150 herbivore species were reported feeding on
<i>P. australis, </i>some causing significant damage. Based on feeding niche, damage, and reported host specificity, nine insects were identified as having promise as potential biocontrol agents. Two of these,
<i>Archanara geminipuncta</i> and <i>Archanara neurica</i> both stem-mining noctuid moths, have been studied in detail, and petitions for release of these species are currently being prepared (Lisa Tewksbury, personal communication).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoSubtitle">Herbaceous Plants<o:p></o:p></p>
<h3><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%">Garlic mustard <o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Garlic mustard (<i>Alliaria petiolata</i>) a cool-season biennial herb, which can invade forest understories and outcompete native plants, especially spring ephemeral wildflowers. It is native
to Eurasia and currently widely distributed in the northeastern U.S. and Canada. Four weevil species in the genus
<i>Ceutorhynchus</i> have been extensively studied at CABI-Switzerland and the University of Minnesota. The root-crown mining weevil
<i>Ceutorhynchus scrobicollis</i> has been proposed for release in North America (Gerber et al. 2009). TAG has requested additional host range tests, and the host plant test petition is currently under review (TAG Petitions 2013).
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%">Nodding and plumeless thistles (<i>Carduus</i> species)<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Species in the genus
<i>Carduus</i> are all exotic to North America and many are </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">well known noxious and
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">
invasive plants</a> in the U.S. and elsewhere, especially in pastures. The most important pest species are winter annuals or biennials, reproducing primarily by seed. A biological control program targeting these species began in 1963. Four biological control
agents have become well-established in the U.S., the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinocyllus_conicus" title="Rhinocyllus conicus">
thistle head weevil</a> (<i>Rhinocyllus conicus</i>), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichosirocalus_horridus" title="Trichosirocalus horridus">
thistle crown weevil</a> (<i>Trichosirocalus horridus</i>), the leaf beetle <i>Cassida rubiginosa</i> (accidentally introduced), and the
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puccinia_carduorum&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Puccinia carduorum (page does not exist)">
musk thistle rust</a> fungus, <i>Puccinia carduorum</i>, and together these species have successfully controlled
<i>Carduus</i> thistles (Kok 2001). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Unfortunately,
</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">several insect species imported for control of thistles have been found to impact native thistle species.
</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">The thistle head weevil (</span><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">R. conicus</span></i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">) has caused significant population declines in several
native North American thistles that also only reproduce by seed (Cripps et al. 2011). Another seed-eating weevil,
<i>Larinus planus</i>, is thought to have entered the U.S. accidentally in the 1960s, and was first reported in Maryland in 1971. This species has also been shown to negatively affect populations of rare native thistle species (Havens et al. 2012). For these
reasons, deliberate spread of these species is not recommended. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%">Canada thistle<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Canada thistle </span>
<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">(<i>Cirsium arvense</i>) is native to Eurasia, but has been spread inadvertently throughout temperate regions of the world. It is a widespread perennial weed of agricultural and ecological areas in the northern and
southwestern states in the U.S. A classical biological control program for Canada thistle was initiated in North America in 1959. However, nearly 50 years after the first agent releases, successful control of this species has not been achieved (Cripps et
al. 2011). There are probably no additional arthropod agents specific enough to be imported into North America targeting Canada thistle (Cripps et al. 2011), but there may be potential with pathogens. The rust fungus
<i>Puccinia punctiformis </i>is specific to Canada thistle, and is present in all states where the plant is found. Establishment of epiphytotics of the rust, and concomitant biological control, has proven difficult, but has recently been demonstrated to be
readily achievable in field tests in the U.S. and three other countries Berner et al. 2013).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%">Knotweeds <o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Japanese knotweed (<i>Fallopia japonica</i>), giant knotweed (<i>F. sachalinensis</i>), and the hybrid between these two,
<i>F. x bohemica</i>, also known as Bohemian or hybrid knotweed</span></b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">, are large herbaceous perennials that have spread throughout much of North America, especially in riparian areas. Between 2007 and 2012, four
natural enemies from knotweed’s native range were tested as potential biological control agents for knotweeds in North America--a leaf beetle, two moths, and a psyllid (Grevstad et al. 2013). Partners in this biocontrol project include the U.S. Forest Service
Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, Washington State Department of Agriculture, CABI- Biosciences United Kingdom, and Agri-Food and Agriculture Canada. Only one of these species was found to be suitably host specific, the psyllid
<i>Aphalara itadori</i>. Two different biotypes of the psyllid were evaluated—a northern biotype (from Hokkaido), collected from giant knotweed, and a southern biotype (from Kyushu) collected from Japanese knotweed. In 2011, the last of the pre-release laboratory
testing was completed for both biotypes. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Host specificity tests were carried out using over 70 different native and economically important North American Plant species. Additional tests were used to quantify oviposition preferences and
ability for a population to persist on non-targets. The results indicate a high level of host specificity to knotweeds, but differences in performance of the two biotypes on the three knotweed species (<i>Fallopia japonica</i>,
<i>F. x bohemica</i>, and <i>F. sachalinensis</i>). This means that both biotypes will likely be needed for effective control against all knotweed species and genotypes in North America. The psyllids were found to be effective, reducing the growth and biomass
of potted knotweed plants by 50% in just over one psyllid generation (Grevstad et al. 2013). The psyllid has been proposed for release (TAG petitions 2013), but</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">APHIS is still studying the petition and TAG
reviewer comments and other material before responding with the petitioner. This insect has been released in England and Wales since 2010 with no apparent negative effects, and therefore its eventual approval in the U.S. seems likely.<span style="color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; color: black;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: black;">Spotted Knapweed</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: black;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">More than 20 species and hybrids of Eurasian knapweeds, in the genus
<i>Centaurea</i>, have become established in North America (Story 2002, Winston et al. 2012). Of these, spotted knapweed,
<i>C. stoebe </i>ssp. <i>micranthos</i>, has the widest distribution in the US. It is a serious pasture pest in western states, and is also found throughout most of the eastern US, where it can invade certain rare native ecosystems such as open dune habitats
in northern Michigan (Marshall and Storer 2008, Carson and Landis 2014). Reinhart and Rinella (2011) found no evidence of impact on resident plant species in Shenandoah National Park, but acknowledged that this may change over time. Anecdotal reports suggest
that spotted knapweed can invade xeric sites in the east such as rocky roadsides, strip mines, talus slopes, pastures, sandplain grassland habitats, and coastal dunes, and can interfere with grassland restoration efforts in such sites.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Thirteen approved biological control agents that attack spotted knapweed have become established in the US (Winston et al. 2012). Several are available for purchase (e.g.
</span><a href="http://www.weedbustersbiocontrol.com/knapweedinsects.html"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">http://www.weedbustersbiocontrol.com/knapweedinsects.html</span></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">,
</span><a href="http://www.bio-control.com/pricing.php"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">http://www.bio-control.com/pricing.php</span></a><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">), including the knapweed root weevil,
<i>Cyphocleonus achates, </i>and two closely related knapweed flower weevils, <i>
Larinus minutus </i>and <i>L. obtusus</i>. These species have been shown to suppress seed production and biomass of the target weed to varying degrees, depending on local resource conditions (soil nutrients, water, and sunlight), extent of competition by adjacent
vegetation, and intensity of herbivory (Knochel and Seastedt 2010). One or more of these species have been released in several eastern states, including New York (J. Dean, NY Natural Heritage Program, pers. comm.), Massachusetts (E. Loucks, The Nature Conservancy,
pers. comm.), Pennsylvania (A. Rohrbaugh, PA Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, pers. comm.), and Rhode Island (E. Tewksbury, URI, pers. comm.).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Meadow knapweed (<i>Centaurea x moncktonii</i>), a fertile hybrid between black knapweed (<i>C. nigra</i>) and brown knapweed (<i>C. jacea</i>), can be invasive in more mesic to wet meadows in
the east. Its population genetics and demography are currently under study (L. Milbrath, USDA-ARS, pers. comm.).
<i>Larinus minutus </i>is the most promising agent currently approved for meadow knapweed (Winston et al. 2012).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%">Purple Loosestrife<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Purple loosestrife (<i>Lythrum salicaria</i>) is widespread across the U.S. Three insect biocontrols were approved for release in the early 1990s and have been successfully reducing loosestrife
infestations in freshwater wetlands across the northern states where the heaviest infestations occur. Purple loosestrife leaf-feeding beetles (<i>Galerucella</i> species) can be purchased from the Phillip Alampi Beneficial Insect Rearing Laboratory, New Jersey
Department of Agriculture (see Resources) or moved from established populations within a state. The Maryland Department of Natural Resources is training Maryland residents who spend time outdoors in habitats where purple loosestrife may grow to recognize
the plant and report its locations to DNR using an on-line or paper reporting form and to photograph them when possible. Those locations are mapped and assessed in order to allow DNR staff to evaluate the potential for biocontrol releases (see Resources).
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoSubtitle">Shrubs<o:p></o:p></p>
<h3><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%">Winged burning bush<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Two closely related members of the bittersweet family (Celastraceae) -- winged burning bush (<i>Euonymus alatus</i>), a shrub, and winter creeper</span><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"></span></i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">(</span><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Euonymus
fortunei</span></i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">), a perennial vine, are exotic introduced ornamentals that are
</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">invasive in natural areas. According to the Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States, they are both invasive throughout the northeastern U.S. (see Resources). Euonymus scale,
<i>Unaspis euonymi</i>, is an accidentally introduced insect that infests both species, and can weaken and kill these. However, because it is a generalist and feeds on both native and non-native species in this family, it is not recommended as a good candidate
for biological control. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%">Multiflora Rose<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Multiflora rose (<i>Rosa multiflora</i>) occurs throughout the eastern half of the United States and in Washington and Oregon. At least two native or naturalized pests help keep it in check to
some extent. One is a native eriophyid mite, <i>Phyllocoptes fructiphilus</i> that transmits an RNA virus that causes Rose Rosette disease. Diseased plants are now known on the East Coast, and the disease has caused reduction of multiflora rose densities
in certain areas. Symptoms include compaction of lateral branches into “witches brooms” and both stunting and reddening of shoots. Diseased plants are weakened and often die as a result.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">The rose-seed chalcid (<i>Megastigmus aculeatus
</i>var. <i>nigroflavus</i>), a wasp, was introduced accidentally from Europe. Although it can reduce seed yield of
<i>R. multiflora</i>, it has limited potential to reduce reproduction (Jesse et al. 2013). An important drawback to both the virus and the chalcid wasp is that ornamental roses are susceptible and damaged from these organisms. A USDA Beltsville study shows
that native rose rosette disease is harmless to several native roses. Research on the effects of the evidently native rose rosette disease has revealed that it is harmless to native roses. The native species of roses (<i>Rosa setigera</i>,
<i>R. virginiana</i>, and <i>R. palustris</i>) and the naturalized <i>R. rugosa</i> seem to be very resistant to possibly immune to the disease (see Resources).
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoSubtitle">Trees<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Tree-of-Heaven
<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Tree-of-heaven, <i>
Ailanthus altissima</i>, was deliberately introduced as an ornamental species in the 1700s, and has now been reported in 30 states. The Asian weevil
<i>Eucryptorrhynchus brandti</i> is being studied at Virginia Tech (Herrick et al. 2012). The only non-target species that the weevil has showed some acceptance of is corkwood,
<i>Leitneria floridana</i>, which is listed as a threatened species in Florida, and therefore the initial petition for release was denied by TAG in 2012. The research group is continuing to study the insect’s potential host range, and hopes to resubmit the
petition (Tom McAvoy, Virginia Tech, personal communication). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-weight:normal">A native, soil-borne vascular wilt fungus,
</span><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-weight:normal">Verticillium nonalfalfae</span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;font-weight:normal">, has been found killing large numbers of
<i>Ailanthus altissima</i> trees in south-central Pennsylvania and north-western Maryland, and this fungus appears to be quite host specific (Schall and Davis 2009a, b). Natural, long-range dissemination of this fungus is limited, and researchers are currently
working on determining the best way to use it. In addition, it is unclear at this point how or whether use of this pathogen should be regulated.
<i>Atteva punctella</i>, the ailanthus webworm, is thought to be native to southern Florida and Central America, and has apparently expanded its host range and distribution onto tree-of-heaven, where it can cause serious damage, especially to seedlings and
small plants (Ding et al. 2006). <o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoSubtitle">Vines<o:p></o:p></p>
<h3><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%">Mile-a-Minute Weed<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Mile-a-minute weed (<i>Persicaria perfoliata</i>)</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> is an invasive annual vine that
</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">was accidentally introduced into Pennsylvania in the 1930s and has since expanded its range throughout much of the northeast (see Resources). The host-specific weevil
<i>Rhinoncomimus latipes</i> was approved for release in 2004, and has been released throughout the range of the host, with considerable though somewhat variable success (Hough-Goldstein et al. 2012). The weevils are being mass-reared by the Phillip Alampi
Laboratory in New Jersey, and can be obtained from that Laboratory or moved from established populations within a state. A plant pathogen,
<i>Colletotrichum gloeosporioides </i>from Turkey (Berner, et al., 2012) is being evaluated in host range tests at the USDA, ARS, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit (FDWSRU), at Ft. Detrick, MD. Propagation materials of plant relatives in the Polygonaceae
family are needed to complete these host range tests.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h3><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%">Swallowworts <o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:11.0pt;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Two invasive swallow-worts, pale (Vincetoxicum rossicum) and black (V. nigrum), are well established in the northeastern U.S. and are expanding in the mid-Atlantic region and southern Canada.
A biological control agent (Hypena opulenta), a moth, was recently approved for release in Canada (see Resources). This species has been tested on 76 plant species, with no larval survival on any tested genus other than Vincetoxicum. Based on current evidence,
the two invasive species targeted are the only Vincetoxicum species currently in North America; however, all related species (including those considered congeneric with the target plant species by some botanists) were also tested and found not to allow survival
of H. opulenta (R. Casagrande, personal communication). A petition for field release of this host-specific moth in the U.S. has been approved by TAG and is currently in the post-TAG review process through USDA-APHIS.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoSubtitle"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoSubtitle"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoSubtitle"><span lang="X-NONE">A</span>QUATIC PLANTS<span lang="X-NONE"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%">Eurasian Watermilfoil<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; color: black;">Eurasian watermilfoil (<i>Myriophyllum spicatum</i>), is the most significant aquatic weed in the continental United States based on high cost of control efforts (Cock et al. 2008).
High densities of Eurasian watermilfoil negatively affect wildlife and fish populations and recreational use. It is abundant in the Chesapeake Bay and tidal Potomac River (Swearingen et al. 2010). A classical biological control program was initiated for
<i>M. spicatum </i>in 1965, with U.S. and overseas researchers surveying parts of the native range in Europe and Asia for specialist natural enemies (Cock et al. 2008). More than 20 species were identified as feeding on
<i>M. spicatum</i>, but few were seriously investigated to determine their potential. Cock et al. (2008) summarize species that were found and propose additional research that could lead to viable classical biocontrol.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; color: black;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; color: black;">Since the early 1990s, researchers have been studying the potential of the native milfoil weevil,
<i>Euhrychiopsis lecontei</i>, to control populations of Eurasian watermilfoil (Menninger 2011).</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; color: black;"> This weevil has been found to prefer the Eurasian species over its native host, northern watermilfoil
(<i>M. sibiricum</i>). </span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; color: black;">Milfoil weevils are found throughout the northern continental United States and portions of Canada.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family:"Cambria",serif"><span style="color:black">Eurasian
watermilfoil control in lake management projects has been conducted through augmentation programs, where these weevils are reared in mass numbers and introduced into infested water bodies.
</span></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; color: black;">EnviroScience, Inc. offers milfoil weevils as a commercial product, where clusters of milfoil containing eggs and larvae are attached to watermilfoil stems in an infested lake. However,
few evaluations of this process have been published, and the one peer-reviewed paper on its effectiveness (Reeves et al. 2008) showed little effect. An alternative augmentation strategy, releasing adult weevils, is being studied (Menninger 2011).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:12.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:3.0pt;margin-left:0in;page-break-after:avoid">
<b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Parrotfeather<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; color: black;">A relative of Eurasian watermilfoil is parrotfeather (<i>Myriophyllum aquaticum</i>), a native of South America and invasive in about 20 states along the East and West coasts and
throughout the southern U.S. (see Resources). Biological control agents are not currently available for this exotic species but potential agents exist in South America and are being investigated. A complex of insects feed on parrotfeather in its native habitat,
including a leaf-feeding beetle which has been found to be very host-specific and has been imported to control parrotfeather in South Africa</span><i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; color: black;"></span></i><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; color: black;">(Cilliers
1999).</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%">Giant salvinia<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; color: black;">Giant salvinia,
<i>Salvinia molesta</i>, was first detected in North America at a small pond in South Carolina in 1995, where it was eradicated with herbicides. Extensive infestations were later discovered in large drainages in Texas during 1999, and it now occurs in at least
12 states mainly in the southeastern U.S. from eastern Texas through eastern North Carolina (Tipping et al. 2008). In the summer of 2000, a small population was discovered in ornamental ponds in Washington, D.C. but it was quickly eradicated (Swearingen et
al. 2010). The weevil <i>Cyrtobagous salviniae </i>has been used successfully in at least 15 countries to reduce the dominance of
<i>S. molesta</i> in invaded freshwater ecosystems, and was used successfully in Texas and Louisiana (Tipping et al. 2008). However, this</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; color: black;"> weevil is not always effective, because it is less tolerant
of cold temperatures than Giant salvinia. In 2005, salvinia weevils that were released into the River Bend Swamp of Pender County, North Carolina, did not overwinter, while the Giant salvinia plants survived (see Resources).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%">Hydrilla<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; color: black;">Hydrilla (Hydrilla<i> verticillata</i>)<i>,</i> is a submersed aquatic that roots in the soil and grows upwards, producing thick floating mats at the water's surface. It is believed
to be native to Asia or Africa but is now globally distributed and was first introduced into North America as an aquarium plant in the 1950s. Hydrilla is now the most severe aquatic plant problem in the southern U.S. (Center et al. 2013). It has expanded
its range north to New England, and is found in much of the Potomac River, in Virginia and Maryland freshwater tributaries of the Chesapeake Bay, in the Delaware portion of the Nanticoke River, most southern Delaware ponds, and in sites in eastern Pennsylvania
(Swearingen et al. 2010).</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"> </span>
<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; color: black;">Hydrilla out-competes native submerged aquatic vegetation and can quickly fill a pond or lake, making the water body unsuitable for recreational uses.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; color: black;">Herbivorous
fish such as sterile grass carp have been used for hydrilla control where allowed by law.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; color: black;">A host-specific semi-aquatic weevil,
<i>Bagous hydrillae</i>,<i> </i>was released in the southern U.S. during 1991-1996, but was thought not to have established. In 2009, adult
<i>B. hydrillae </i>were collected in southern Louisiana, suggesting that this weevil species has persisted and dispersed widely in the southeastern U.S. However,
<i>B. hydrillae </i>does not seem to be suppressing hydrilla (Center et al. 2013).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%">European Water Chestnut<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; color: black;">European water chestnut (<i>Trapa natans</i>) is an invasive aquatic plant native to Europe and Asia. It was first observed in the United States in Massachusetts in the late 1800s.
Its current distribution is the mid-Atlantic and northeastern U.S., with the most serious problems being reported for the Connecticut River valley, Lake Champlain region, Hudson River, Potomac River and the upper Delaware River (Swearingen et al. 2010). This
species can form dense floating mats, and</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; color: black;">its sharp fruits can cause painful wounds, making control efforts a challenge.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; color: black;">The most promising species for biological control is
<i>Galerucella birmanica</i>, a leaf beetle (Ding et al. 2006, 2007), but so far no petitions have been submitted to TAG.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; color: black;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Water Hyacinth
</span></b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; color: black;">Water hyacinth (<i>Eichhornia crassipes</i>), is a South American species that can survive in the mid-Atlantic under mild winter conditions.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; color: black;">
Three insects have been released in Florida as biological controls of water hyacinth: two weevils,
<i>Neochetina eichhorniae </i>and <i>N. bruchi </i>(released in 1972 and 1974, respectively), and a pyralid moth,
<i>Sameodes albiguttalis </i>(released in 1977) (Center et al. 1999). So far satisfactory control has not been obtained with biological control agents alone, but integrated control may be feasible (Center et al. 1999; Center and Dray 2010).
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: Cambria, serif; color: black;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Reeves, J.L., P.D. Lorch, M.W. Kershner, and M.A. Hilovsky. 2008. Biological control of Eurasian watermilfoil by
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Reinhart, K.O. and M. Rinella. 2011. Comparing susceptibility of eastern and western US grasslands to competition and allelopathy from spotted knapweed [<i>Centaurea stoebe
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Schall, M.J., and D.D. Davis. 2009a.
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Schall, M.J., and D.D. Davis. 2009b. Verticillium wilt of
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Solarz S. L. and R.M. Newman. 2001. Variation in hostplant preference and performance by the milfoil weevil,
<i>Euhrychiopsis lecontei</i> Dietz, exposed to native and exotic watermilfoils. Oecologia 126:66–75.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Story, J. 2002. Spotted knapweed. Ch. 13<i> In</i>: Van Driesche, R., B. Blossey, M. Hoddle, S. Lyon, and R. Reardon. 2002. Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the Eastern United States, USDA
Forest Service Publication FHTET-2002-04, 413 p.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Swearingen, J., K. Reshetiloff, B. Slattery, and S. Zwicker. 2010. Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas, 4<sup>th</sup> ed. National Park Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">TAG Petitions. 2013.
<a href="http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/permits/tag/downloads/TAGPetitionAction.pdf">
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/plant_health/permits/tag/downloads/TAGPetitionAction.pdf</a> (updated 10/22/2013).
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Tewksbury, L., R. Casagrande, B. Blossey, P. Häfliger, and M. Schwarzländer. 2002. Potential for biological control of
<i>Phragmites australis</i> in North America. Biological Control 23:191-212.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Tipping, P.W., M.R. Martin, T.D. Center, and T.M. Davern. 2008. Suppression of
<i>Salvinia molesta</i> Mitchell in Texas and Louisiana by <i>Cyrtobagous salviniae</i> Calder and Sands. Aquatic Botany 88:196-202.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Van Driesche, R.G., R.I. Carruthers, T. Center, M.S. Hoddle, J. Hough-Goldstein, L. Morin, L. Smith, D.L. Wagner, et al. 2010. Classical biological control for the protection of natural ecosystems.
Biological Control 54: S2 – S33.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Van Wilgen, B.W., V.C. Moran, and J.H. Hoffmann. 2013. Some perspectives on the risks and benefits of biological control of invasive alien plants in the management of natural ecosystems. Environmental
Management 52:531-540.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Winston, R., M. Schwarzländer, C.B. Randall, and R. Reardon. 2012. Biology and Biological Control of Knapweeds. USDA Forest Service Publication FHTET-2011-05, 2<sup>nd</sup> Edition, 139 pp.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoSubtitle"><b><span lang="X-NONE">Resources<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Maryland Department of Natural Resources Biocontrol Releases (Purple Loosestrife):
<a href="http://dnr.maryland.gov/wildlife/Plants_Wildlife/PurpleLoosestrife/index.asp">
http://dnr.maryland.gov/wildlife/Plants_Wildlife/PurpleLoosestrife/index.asp</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Phillip Alampi Beneficial Insect Rearing Laboratory, New Jersey Department of Agriculture:
<a href="http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/pi/prog/beneficialinsect.html">
http://www.state.nj.us/agriculture/divisions/pi/prog/beneficialinsect.html</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Mile-a-minute current range:
<a href="http://www.eddmaps.org/midatlantic/distribution/midatlantic.cfm?sub=3065">
http://www.eddmaps.org/midatlantic/distribution/midatlantic.cfm?sub=3065</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><a href="http://ag.udel.edu/enwc/research/biocontrol/mileaminute.htm">http://ag.udel.edu/enwc/research/biocontrol/mileaminute.htm</a>).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Swallow-wort biocontrol<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><a href="http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/09/130927182942.htm">http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/09/130927182942.htm</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: 'High Tower Text', serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Knotweed biocontrol<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1049964413000030">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1049964413000030</a>)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Purple loosestrife<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Maryland Department of Natural Resources Biocontrol Releases
</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><a href="http://dnr.maryland.gov/wildlife/Plants_Wildlife/PurpleLoosestrife/index.asp">http://dnr.maryland.gov/wildlife/Plants_Wildlife/PurpleLoosestrife/index.asp</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Multiflora rose – insect and disease controls<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><a href="http://www.nps.gov/plants/ALIEN/fact/romu1.htm">www.nps.gov/plants/ALIEN/fact/romu1.htm</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><a href="http://www.mdinvasivesp.org/archived_invaders/archived_invaders_2006_05.html">www.mdinvasivesp.org/archived_invaders/archived_invaders_2006_05.html</a><b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><a href="http://www.mdinvasivesp.org/archived_invaders/archived_invaders_2011_07.html">http://www.mdinvasivesp.org/archived_invaders/archived_invaders_2011_07.html</a></span><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Winged burning bush and winter creeper distributions<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><a href="http://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/subject.html?sub=3023">http://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/subject.html?sub=3023</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><a href="http://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/subject.html?sub=3024">http://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/subject.html?sub=3024</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Parrotfeather distribution<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; color: black;"><a href="http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/plants/weeds/aqua003.html">http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/plants/weeds/aqua003.html</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-weight:normal">Giant salvinia<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><a href="http://www.doi.gov/ocl/hearings/112/GiantSalvinia_062711.cfm">http://www.doi.gov/ocl/hearings/112/GiantSalvinia_062711.cfm</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoSubtitle"><b><span lang="X-NONE">Research Contacts<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Dana K. Berner<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">USDA, ARS, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit (FDWSRU)</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">1301 Ditto Ave.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Ft. Detrick, MD 21702</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Phone: 301/619-2846</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Fax: 301/619-2880</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before:auto">
</span>
<div class="WordSection5">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">email<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">William L. Bruckart III<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">USDA, ARS, Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit (FDWSRU)</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">1301 Ditto Ave.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Ft. Detrick, MD 21702</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Phone: 301/619-2846</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Fax: 301/619-2880</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before:auto">
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<div class="WordSection6">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Email: <a href="mailto:william.bruckart@ars.usda.gov">
william.bruckart@ars.usda.gov</a> </span><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
</div>
<b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Cambria, serif;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before:always">
</span></b>
<div class="WordSection7">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Judy Hough-Goldstein, Professor<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Dept. Entomology & Wildlife Ecology<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">531 South College Ave.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">University of Delaware, Newark DE 19716-2160<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Phone: 302-831-2529<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Fax: 302-831-8889<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Email: <a href="mailto:jhough@udel.edu">
jhough@udel.edu</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Richard Reardon <o:p>
</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Biological Control of Invasive Plants Research
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">USDA Forest Service-FHTET<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">180 Canfield St.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Morgantown, WV 26505<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">(304) 285-1550<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Email: <a href="mailto:rreardon@fs.fed.us">
rreardon@fs.fed.us</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Yun Wu <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Biological Control of Invasive Plants Research
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">USDA Forest Service-FHTET<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">180 Canfield St.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Morgantown, WV 26505<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">(304) 285-1594<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif;">Email: <a href="mailto:ywu@fs.fed.us">
ywu@fs.fed.us</a></span><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 'High Tower Text', serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><b><span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; color: rgb(31, 73, 125);"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
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