<div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;font-size:small">Hi Cary (and others on this string),</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;font-size:small">While I have not actually set fires to test control of <i>Oplismenus</i>, I have used a flaming torch on a number of test patches. No fires set, at least not on purpose, but hot enough temperature flames to lyse foliar cells and cause mortality. I got good top wilt-down and death, and even saw a suppressive effect for the next year, but the torch didn't affect the roots, nor did it particularly affect the stolons, which are above ground. So over the next two years, the flamed patches filled back in again from resprouting.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;font-size:small"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;font-size:small">The time that the grass provides the best fuel stock is of course, after seed dispersal, and I think a ground fire would have to be pretty damaging to kill the roots. Funny, because they're pretty wimpy, as roots go.</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;font-size:small"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;font-size:small">Kerrie</div></div><div class="gmail_extra"><br clear="all"><div><div class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><font face="verdana, sans-serif" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255)" color="#6aa84f">Kerrie L. Kyde</font><div><font face="verdana, sans-serif" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255)" color="#6aa84f">Invasive Plant Ecologist</font></div><div><font face="verdana, sans-serif" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255)" color="#6aa84f">Natural Heritage Program</font></div><div><font face="verdana, sans-serif" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255)" color="#6aa84f">Maryland DNR--WHS</font></div><div><font face="verdana, sans-serif" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255)" color="#6aa84f">11960 Clopper Road</font></div><div><font face="verdana, sans-serif" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255)" color="#6aa84f">Gaithersburg, MD 20878</font></div><div><font face="verdana, sans-serif" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255)" color="#6aa84f">301/948-8243</font></div><div><font face="verdana, sans-serif" style="background-color:rgb(255,255,255)" color="#6aa84f"><a href="mailto:Kerrie.Kyde@maryland.gov" target="_blank">Kerrie.Kyde@maryland.gov</a></font></div></div></div></div>
<br><div class="gmail_quote">On Thu, Aug 11, 2016 at 9:09 AM, Hulse, Cary <span dir="ltr"><<a href="mailto:chulse@wetlandstudies.com" target="_blank">chulse@wetlandstudies.com</a>></span> wrote:<br><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
<div lang="EN-US" link="blue" vlink="purple">
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Has anyone seen a response from either forest fire or prescribed fire on basketgrass? I’m curious how it responds to fire.
<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I would assume a low intensity fire this time of year (before seed) could control it.
<u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Thanks <u></u><u></u></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:black">Cary Hulse</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><br>
</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black">Senior Urban Forester</span><span style="font-size:10.0pt">
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color:black">Wetland Studies and Solutions, Inc.<u></u><u></u></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:gray"><img width="120" height="20" style="width:1.25in;min-height:.2083in" src="cid:image003.png@01D1F3B0.0879AAC0" alt="Davey_TagForEmailSignitures"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black">5300 Wellington Branch Drive, Suite 100<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black">Gainesville, VA 20155
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black">Office: <a href="tel:%28703%29%20679-5600%20x5715" value="+17036795600" target="_blank">(703) 679-5600 x5715</a><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black">Direct: <a href="tel:%28703%29%20679-5715" value="+17036795715" target="_blank">(703) 679-5715</a></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black">
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black">Cell: <a href="tel:%28571%29%20436-6149" value="+15714366149" target="_blank">(571) 436-6149</a></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black"><br>
</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><a href="mailto:chulse@wetlandstudies.com" target="_blank">chulse@wetlandstudies.com</a>
<span style="color:#1f497d"><u></u><u></u></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black"><a href="http://www.wetlandstudies.com/" target="_blank">www.wetlandstudies.com</a><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black">“Helping our clients to make trees part of the plan”</span></b><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></b></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<div>
<div style="border:none;border-top:solid #e1e1e1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>From:</b> MAIPC [mailto:<a href="mailto:maipc-bounces@lists.maipc.org" target="_blank">maipc-bounces@lists.<wbr>maipc.org</a>] <b>
On Behalf Of </b>Bergmann, Carole<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Thursday, August 11, 2016 9:03 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> Stockschlaeder, Erin A. <<a href="mailto:Erin.Stockschlaeder@fairfaxcounty.gov" target="_blank">Erin.Stockschlaeder@<wbr>fairfaxcounty.gov</a>>; Marc Imlay <<a href="mailto:ialm@erols.com" target="_blank">ialm@erols.com</a>>; <a href="mailto:maipc@lists.maipc.org" target="_blank">maipc@lists.maipc.org</a><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [MAIPC] Wavyleaf Basketgrass updates<u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:19.5pt;margin-left:20.25pt;background:white">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">Hello Marc,<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:19.5pt;margin-left:20.25pt;background:white">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">Here is a brief summary of what MNCPPC Montgomery Parks is doing:<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:19.5pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:20.25pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;background:white">
<span style="color:black">--To date, MNCPPC Montgomery Parks has found WLBG in 11 parks, totaling 93 acres.
</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:19.5pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:20.25pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;background:white">
<span style="color:black">--It is typically found in dense forest interior with good leaf litter, or in streams or on stream banks.
</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:19.5pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:20.25pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;background:white">
<span style="color:black">--We’ve been able to chemically treat 21 acres, and mechanically treat 8 acres. The removal methods we are employing include chemical for dense blankets, and hand pulling for spot treatments. The hand pulling does seem to be effective
if all of the roots are pulled up, which is easily accomplished since the rhizomes network through the leaf litter.
</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:19.5pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:20.25pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;background:white">
<span style="color:black">--We are currently in the phases of testing flame weeding these plants (applying extreme heat to stress and wilt the plants), and the preliminary results are promising.
</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:19.5pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:20.25pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;background:white">
<span style="color:black">--We hire contractors for chemical management, and use Staff led volunteer projects and a good deal of Weed Warrior volunteer time to mechanically remove it.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:19.5pt;margin-bottom:0in;margin-left:20.25pt;margin-bottom:.0001pt;background:white">
<span style="color:black">--All known occurrences are tracked on a GIS layer.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black"><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d">Carole<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d">Carole F. Bergmann<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d">Forest Ecologist/Field Botanist<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d">Park Planning and Stewardship Division<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color:#365f91">Montgomery Parks<u></u><u></u></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color:#365f91">Maryland-National Capital Park & Planning Commission<u></u><u></u></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d">12535 Milestone Manor Lane<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d">Germantown, Maryland 20876<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d"><a href="tel:301-962-1348" value="+13019621348" target="_blank">301-962-1348</a><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d"><a href="mailto:Carole.Bergmann@montgomeryparks.org" target="_blank">Carole.Bergmann@<wbr>montgomeryparks.org</a><u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<div>
<div style="border:none;border-top:solid #b5c4df 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif"> MAIPC [<a href="mailto:maipc-bounces@lists.maipc.org" target="_blank">mailto:maipc-bounces@lists.<wbr>maipc.org</a>]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Stockschlaeder, Erin A.<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Thursday, August 11, 2016 8:18 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> Marc Imlay; <a href="mailto:maipc@lists.maipc.org" target="_blank">maipc@lists.maipc.org</a><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [MAIPC] Wavyleaf Basketgrass updates<u></u><u></u></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d">Unfortunately WLBG has been found in a number of Fairfax County Parks, including two natural area preserves. Volunteers are handpulling and contractors are spraying but it keeps popping up in different locations.
<u></u><u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<div>
<div style="border:none;border-top:solid #e1e1e1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>From:</b> MAIPC [<a href="mailto:maipc-bounces@lists.maipc.org" target="_blank">mailto:maipc-bounces@lists.<wbr>maipc.org</a>]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Marc Imlay<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Wednesday, August 10, 2016 6:00 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> <a href="mailto:maipc@lists.maipc.org" target="_blank">maipc@lists.maipc.org</a><br>
<b>Subject:</b> [MAIPC] Wavyleaf Basketgrass updates<u></u><u></u></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1f497d">I will present updates on wavyleaf basketgrass, Oplismenus undulatifolius, on September 17, 2016, at the fall conference of the Maryland Native Plant Society.
Please send me updates, both good and bad. For example, Ranger Mike Ellis with M-NCPPC, has found many new major infestations in Prince Georges County, MD. He and I have found it abundant in upland open space habitat provided a large amount of water is available.
<u></u><u></u></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Marc Imlay, PhD, Chair, Biological Control Working Group
<u></u><u></u></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Conservation Biologist, Park Ranger Office, Non-native Invasive Plant Control Coordinator.
<u></u><u></u></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Cell: <a href="tel:%28301%29%20442-5657" value="+13014425657" target="_blank">(301) 442-5657</a>,
<a href="http://ialm@erols.com" target="_blank">ialm@erols.com</a><u></u><u></u></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Natural and Historical Resources Division<u></u><u></u></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">The Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission<u></u><u></u></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><a href="http://www.pgparks.com" target="_blank">www.pgparks.com</a><u></u><u></u></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> <u></u><u></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society<u></u><u></u></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Published by:
<a href="http://www.bioone.org/action/showPublisher?code=tobs" target="_blank"><span style="color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">Torrey Botanical Society</span></a><u></u><u></u></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <span style="color:#1f497d">FW:
<a href="http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.3159/TORREY-D-13-00033.1?journalCode=tbot" target="_blank">
http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/<wbr>10.3159/TORREY-D-13-00033.1?<wbr>journalCode=tbot</a><u></u><u></u></span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 140(4):391-413. 2013
<br>
doi: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3159/TORREY-D-13-00033.1" target="_blank"><span style="color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">http://dx.doi.org/10.3159/<wbr>TORREY-D-13-00033.1</span></a>
<u></u><u></u></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">An introduction to Oplismenus undulatifolius (Ard.) Roem. & Schult. (wavyleaf basketgrass), a recent invader in Mid-Atlantic forest understories<a href="http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.3159/TORREY-D-13-00033.1?journalCode=tbot#fn1" target="_blank"><span style="color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">1,</span></a><a href="http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.3159/TORREY-D-13-00033.1?journalCode=tbot#fn2" target="_blank"><span style="color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">2</span></a><u></u><u></u></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><img border="0" width="1" height="1" style="width:.0104in;min-height:.0104in" src="cid:image004.gif@01D1F3B0.0879AAC0" alt="No Access"><u></u><u></u></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Vanessa B. Beauchamp<a href="http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.3159/TORREY-D-13-00033.1?journalCode=tbot#cor1" target="_blank"><span style="color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">3</span></a>
and Stephanie M. Koontz<u></u><u></u></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252<u></u><u></u></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Christine Suss and Chad Hawkins,
<u></u><u></u></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">DEVELOP Internship Program, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771<u></u><u></u></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Kerrie L. Kyde<u></u><u></u></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Wildlife and Heritage Service, 11960 Clopper Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878<u></u><u></u></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">John L. Schnase<u></u><u></u></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Office of Computational and Information Sciences and Technology, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771<u></u><u></u></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">3Author for correspondence, E-mail:
<a href="mailto:vbeauchamp@towson.edu" target="_blank"><span style="color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">vbeauchamp@towson.edu</span></a>
<u></u><u></u></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a name="m_-6963257017391886353_fn1"></a><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">1Funding for this project was provided by NASA's DEVELOP Internship Program and NASA's High-End Computing Program, the Middle Patuxent Environmental Foundation,
the NSF Research Experience for Teachers (RET) program, the Baltimore Excellence in STEM Teaching (BEST) Project at Towson University, the Fisher College of Science and Mathematics and the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation's Pulling Together Initiative.
<u></u><u></u></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a name="m_-6963257017391886353_fn2"></a><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">2Information on Oplismenus taxonomy was clarified through conversations with Mary Barkworth and Paul Peterson. We also thank our colleagues in NASA's DEVELOP
Internship Program: Rachel Moore, Josh Henki, Stephanie Bates, and Ron Albright provided important contributions in the early stages of the project. We thank Roger Gill for his technical support in preparing data for the MaxEnt runs and field assistants Eric
Cullings, Dana Wilson, Cody Kepner, Ken Compher, and Francis Smith for countless hours spent crawling through Oplismenus. Research facilitation and support from Robin Melton, past manager at Patapsco Valley State Park, was instrumental in the success of this
project. <u></u><u></u></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="color:#1f497d"><u></u> <u></u></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Abstract<u></u><u></u></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">A critical aspect of early-stage invasive species management is determining the niche and assessing the impact of a new species. A multi-scale strategy to predict potential
habitat and impacts at the ecosystem, community and species level presents a robust, efficient, and cost effective tool for invasive species management. Regional scale maximum entropy modeling and local scale field studies were used to characterize species-environment
and species-species interactions of Oplismenus undulatifolius, a recent invader in Mid-Atlantic forest understories. Oplismenus undulatifolius was first discovered in the U.S. near Baltimore, Maryland in 1996 and is currently found in 13 counties in Maryland
and Virginia. At the landscape scale the USDA estimates that 30 percent of the U.S. is suitable for the establishment of O. undulatifolius. Regional scale modeling indicated that 22% of the area modeled was suitable for O. undulatifolius, with 1% highly suitable.
Local scale field studies indicated that O. undulatifolius thrives at low light levels (2–11 mols m−2 day−1) across a wide range of litter depths (0–6 cm) and that light and litter depth are involved in dominance of O. undulatifolius over Microstegium vimineum.
Interactions with Fagus grandifolia result in decreased O. undulatifolius cover and dominance, and areas of high O. undulatifolius cover typically have low species richness. Oplismenus undulatifolius has the ability to invade a far greater portion of the forest
than M. vimineum, and more research on the community and ecosystem-level effects of this new invasive forest understory species is needed.<u></u><u></u></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Received: May 16, 2013; Revised: September 8, 2013<u></u><u></u></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Keywords:
<a href="http://www.bioone.org/keyword/Deciduous%20Forest" target="_blank"><span style="color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">deciduous forest</span></a>,
<a href="http://www.bioone.org/keyword/Fagus%20Grandifolia" target="_blank"><span style="color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">Fagus grandifolia</span></a>,
<a href="http://www.bioone.org/keyword/Introduced%20Species" target="_blank"><span style="color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">introduced species</span></a>,
<a href="http://www.bioone.org/keyword/Maximum%20Entropy%20Modeling" target="_blank"><span style="color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">Maximum Entropy Modeling</span></a>,
<a href="http://www.bioone.org/keyword/Microstegium%20Vimineum" target="_blank"><span style="color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">Microstegium vimineum</span></a>,
<a href="http://www.bioone.org/keyword/Niche" target="_blank"><span style="color:windowtext;text-decoration:none">niche</span></a><u></u><u></u></span></b></p>
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