<font color='black' size='4' face='Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif'>Could it have been through equipment? If it jumped the ridge that could have been through seed? <span style="font-size: large; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Oplismenus hirtellus ssp. undulatifolius, Microstegium vimineum, Wavy and Stilt grasses: We have tried using a mowing hedger between native plants otherwise the mowing kills off other natives trying to push their way through. While in DC, several people spoke of stilt grass and wavy grass that were being spread by machine. They reported observing this in the local parks, they also had observed that when anyone mowed in an area, the equipment operators were not cleaning off the equipment or vehicles (?) and they could see a trail where equipment had been of Wavy grass and/or stilt grass. Maybe, a quick wash of the vehicle (?) There was no elaboration as to what they meant by cleaning the vehicle. Washing off the tires (?). It was visibly being spread by equipment operators. They showed pics of actually following the vehicle trails and the grass behind which had not been there previously. When, some people on the Coastal Plain were hiking - they picked it up in the mountains (vehicle??) again the question, and brought it with them in the native plants that they were selling, we now have it all over our yard - and have begun a campaign of pulling because it is mixed in with native plants. We have also tried using a hedger which clears between native plants. It has quadrupled in its stay since Spring when it was inadvertently introduced. I need some help understanding this - was it by seeds being attached to the tires? It seems like it was spread via tires, and could have been easily cleaned off before returning? Not certain of this.Maybe , someone else has some ideas? </span><br>
<br>
<div style="clear:both"><a href="https://mail.aol.com/IM/?sn=triplam747&locale=en_US&pd=0" style="font:lighter 10px Verdana, Arial;color:#000000;"><img align="absmiddle" border="0" src="https://api.aim.net/presence/icon?k=sr1DFCvn2e83VRmK&t=triplam747"></a> Kathryn Peterson-Lambert</div>
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<div style="font-family:arial,helvetica;font-size:10pt;color:black">-----Original Message-----<br>
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Sent: Thu, Aug 11, 2016 9:06 am<br>
Subject: MAIPC Digest, Vol 58, Issue 12<br>
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Today's Topics:<br>
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1. Re: Wavyleaf Basketgrass updates (Dewey)<br>
<br>
<br>
----------------------------------------------------------------------<br>
<br>
Message: 1<br>
Date: Thu, 11 Aug 2016 09:06:36 -0400<br>
From: Dewey <<a href="mailto:historictimekeepers@gmail.com">historictimekeepers@gmail.com</a>><br>
To: "Bergmann, Carole" <<a href="mailto:Carole.Bergmann@montgomeryparks.org">Carole.Bergmann@montgomeryparks.org</a>>,<br>
"Stockschlaeder, Erin A." <<a href="mailto:Erin.Stockschlaeder@fairfaxcounty.gov">Erin.Stockschlaeder@fairfaxcounty.gov</a>>,<br>
Marc Imlay <<a href="mailto:ialm@erols.com">ialm@erols.com</a>>, "<a href="mailto:maipc@lists.maipc.org">maipc@lists.maipc.org</a>"<br>
<<a href="mailto:maipc@lists.maipc.org">maipc@lists.maipc.org</a>><br>
Subject: Re: [MAIPC] Wavyleaf Basketgrass updates<br>
Message-ID: <a50dd2cf-fbe2-a9ef-3790-<a href="mailto:a20b97d5ab23@gmail.com">a20b97d5ab23@gmail.com</a>><br>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"; Format="flowed"<br>
<br>
Woody Bousquet of Shenandoah University has found it near Strasburg. He <br>
will send samples to Vanessa, but it looks like it jumped the ridge.<br>
<br>
Regards,<br>
<br>
Dewey Clark<br>
Club Naturalist<br>
Co District Manager (PA)<br>
Potomac Appalachian Trail Club<br>
Maryland Master Naturalist<br>
<br>
On 8/11/2016 9:03 AM, Bergmann, Carole wrote:<br>
><br>
> Hello Marc,<br>
><br>
> Here is a brief summary of what MNCPPC Montgomery Parks is doing:<br>
><br>
> --To date, MNCPPC Montgomery Parks has found WLBG in 11 parks, <br>
> totaling 93 acres.<br>
><br>
> --It is typically found in dense forest interior with good leaf <br>
> litter, or in streams or on stream banks.<br>
><br>
> --We?ve been able to chemically treat 21 acres, and mechanically treat <br>
> 8 acres. The removal methods we are employing include chemical for <br>
> dense blankets, and hand pulling for spot treatments. The hand pulling <br>
> does seem to be effective if all of the roots are pulled up, which is <br>
> easily accomplished since the rhizomes network through the leaf litter.<br>
><br>
> --We are currently in the phases of testing flame weeding these plants <br>
> (applying extreme heat to stress and wilt the plants), and the <br>
> preliminary results are promising.<br>
><br>
> --We hire contractors for chemical management, and use Staff led <br>
> volunteer projects and a good deal of Weed Warrior volunteer time to <br>
> mechanically remove it.<br>
><br>
> --All known occurrences are tracked on a GIS layer.<br>
><br>
> Carole<br>
><br>
> Carole F. Bergmann<br>
><br>
> Forest Ecologist/Field Botanist<br>
><br>
> Park Planning and Stewardship Division<br>
><br>
> *Montgomery Parks*<br>
><br>
> *Maryland-National Capital Park & Planning Commission*<br>
><br>
> 12535 Milestone Manor Lane<br>
><br>
> Germantown, Maryland 20876<br>
><br>
> 301-962-1348<br>
><br>
> <a href="mailto:Carole.Bergmann@montgomeryparks.org">Carole.Bergmann@montgomeryparks.org</a> <br>
> <<a href="mailto:Carole.Bergmann@montgomeryparks.org?">mailto:Carole.Bergmann@montgomeryparks.org</a>><br>
><br>
> *From:*MAIPC [<a href="mailto:maipc-bounces@lists.maipc.org?">mailto:maipc-bounces@lists.maipc.org</a>] *On Behalf Of <br>
> *Stockschlaeder, Erin A.<br>
> *Sent:* Thursday, August 11, 2016 8:18 AM<br>
> *To:* Marc Imlay; <a href="mailto:maipc@lists.maipc.org">maipc@lists.maipc.org</a><br>
> *Subject:* Re: [MAIPC] Wavyleaf Basketgrass updates<br>
><br>
> Unfortunately WLBG has been found in a number of Fairfax County Parks, <br>
> including two natural area preserves. Volunteers are handpulling and <br>
> contractors are spraying but it keeps popping up in different locations.<br>
><br>
> *From:* MAIPC [<a href="mailto:maipc-bounces@lists.maipc.org?">mailto:maipc-bounces@lists.maipc.org</a>] *On Behalf Of <br>
> *Marc Imlay<br>
> *Sent:* Wednesday, August 10, 2016 6:00 AM<br>
> *To:* <a href="mailto:maipc@lists.maipc.org">maipc@lists.maipc.org</a> <<a href="mailto:maipc@lists.maipc.org?">mailto:maipc@lists.maipc.org</a>><br>
> *Subject:* [MAIPC] Wavyleaf Basketgrass updates<br>
><br>
> *I will present updates on wavyleaf basketgrass, Oplismenus <br>
> undulatifolius, on September 17, 2016, at the fall conference of the <br>
> Maryland Native Plant Society. Please send me updates, both good and <br>
> bad. For example, Ranger Mike Ellis with M-NCPPC, has found many new <br>
> major infestations in Prince Georges County, MD. He and I have found <br>
> it abundant in upland open space habitat provided a large amount of <br>
> water is available. *<br>
><br>
> *Marc Imlay, PhD, Chair, Biological Control Working Group *<br>
><br>
> *Conservation Biologist, Park Ranger Office, Non-native Invasive Plant <br>
> Control Coordinator. *<br>
><br>
> *Cell: (301) 442-5657, <a href="mailto:ialm@erols.com">ialm@erols.com</a>*<br>
><br>
> *Natural and Historical Resources Division*<br>
><br>
> *The Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission*<br>
><br>
> *<a href="http://www.pgparks.com*" target="_blank">www.pgparks.com*</a><br>
><br>
> **<br>
><br>
> *The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society*<br>
><br>
> *Published by: Torrey Botanical Society <br>
> <<a href="http://www.bioone.org/action/showPublisher?code=tobs>*" target="_blank">http://www.bioone.org/action/showPublisher?code=tobs>*</a><br>
><br>
> **<br>
><br>
> **<br>
><br>
> *FW: <br>
> <a href="http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.3159/TORREY-D-13-00033.1?journalCode=tbot*" target="_blank">http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.3159/TORREY-D-13-00033.1?journalCode=tbot*</a><br>
><br>
> **<br>
><br>
> *The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 140(4):391-413. 2013<br>
> doi: <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3159/TORREY-D-13-00033.1" target="_blank">http://dx.doi.org/10.3159/TORREY-D-13-00033.1</a> *<br>
><br>
> *An introduction to Oplismenus undulatifolius (Ard.) Roem. & Schult. <br>
> (wavyleaf basketgrass), a recent invader in Mid-Atlantic forest <br>
> understories1, <br>
> <<a href="http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.3159/TORREY-D-13-00033.1?journalCode=tbot#fn1>2" target="_blank">http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.3159/TORREY-D-13-00033.1?journalCode=tbot#fn1>2</a> <br>
> <<a href="http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.3159/TORREY-D-13-00033.1?journalCode=tbot#fn2>*" target="_blank">http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.3159/TORREY-D-13-00033.1?journalCode=tbot#fn2>*</a><br>
><br>
> *No Access*<br>
><br>
> *Vanessa B. Beauchamp3 <br>
> <<a href="http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.3159/TORREY-D-13-00033.1?journalCode=tbot#cor1" target="_blank">http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.3159/TORREY-D-13-00033.1?journalCode=tbot#cor1</a>> <br>
> and Stephanie M. Koontz*<br>
><br>
> *Department of Biological Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD 21252*<br>
><br>
> *Christine Suss and Chad Hawkins, *<br>
><br>
> *DEVELOP Internship Program, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, <br>
> Greenbelt, MD 20771*<br>
><br>
> *Kerrie L. Kyde*<br>
><br>
> *Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Wildlife and Heritage <br>
> Service, 11960 Clopper Road, Gaithersburg, MD 20878*<br>
><br>
> *John L. Schnase*<br>
><br>
> *Office of Computational and Information Sciences and Technology, NASA <br>
> Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771*<br>
><br>
> *3Author for correspondence, E-mail: <a href="mailto:vbeauchamp@towson.edu">vbeauchamp@towson.edu</a> <br>
> <<a href="mailto:vbeauchamp@towson.edu?">mailto:vbeauchamp@towson.edu</a>> *<br>
><br>
> *1Funding for this project was provided by NASA's DEVELOP Internship <br>
> Program and NASA's High-End Computing Program, the Middle Patuxent <br>
> Environmental Foundation, the NSF Research Experience for Teachers <br>
> (RET) program, the Baltimore Excellence in STEM Teaching (BEST) <br>
> Project at Towson University, the Fisher College of Science and <br>
> Mathematics and the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation's Pulling <br>
> Together Initiative. *<br>
><br>
> *2Information on Oplismenus taxonomy was clarified through <br>
> conversations with Mary Barkworth and Paul Peterson. We also thank our <br>
> colleagues in NASA's DEVELOP Internship Program: Rachel Moore, Josh <br>
> Henki, Stephanie Bates, and Ron Albright provided important <br>
> contributions in the early stages of the project. We thank Roger Gill <br>
> for his technical support in preparing data for the MaxEnt runs and <br>
> field assistants Eric Cullings, Dana Wilson, Cody Kepner, Ken Compher, <br>
> and Francis Smith for countless hours spent crawling through <br>
> Oplismenus. Research facilitation and support from Robin Melton, past <br>
> manager at Patapsco Valley State Park, was instrumental in the success <br>
> of this project. *<br>
><br>
> **<br>
><br>
> *Abstract*<br>
><br>
> *A critical aspect of early-stage invasive species management is <br>
> determining the niche and assessing the impact of a new species. A <br>
> multi-scale strategy to predict potential habitat and impacts at the <br>
> ecosystem, community and species level presents a robust, efficient, <br>
> and cost effective tool for invasive species management. Regional <br>
> scale maximum entropy modeling and local scale field studies were used <br>
> to characterize species-environment and species-species interactions <br>
> of Oplismenus undulatifolius, a recent invader in Mid-Atlantic forest <br>
> understories. Oplismenus undulatifolius was first discovered in the <br>
> U.S. near Baltimore, Maryland in 1996 and is currently found in 13 <br>
> counties in Maryland and Virginia. At the landscape scale the USDA <br>
> estimates that 30 percent of the U.S. is suitable for the <br>
> establishment of O. undulatifolius. Regional scale modeling indicated <br>
> that 22% of the area modeled was suitable for O. undulatifolius, with <br>
> 1% highly suitable. Local scale field studies indicated that O. <br>
> undulatifolius thrives at low light levels (2?11 mols m?2 day?1) <br>
> across a wide range of litter depths (0?6 cm) and that light and <br>
> litter depth are involved in dominance of O. undulatifolius over <br>
> Microstegium vimineum. Interactions with Fagus grandifolia result in <br>
> decreased O. undulatifolius cover and dominance, and areas of high O. <br>
> undulatifolius cover typically have low species richness. Oplismenus <br>
> undulatifolius has the ability to invade a far greater portion of the <br>
> forest than M. vimineum, and more research on the community and <br>
> ecosystem-level effects of this new invasive forest understory species <br>
> is needed.*<br>
><br>
> *Received: May 16, 2013; Revised: September 8, 2013*<br>
><br>
> *Keywords: deciduous forest <br>
> <<a href="http://www.bioone.org/keyword/Deciduous%20Forest>," target="_blank">http://www.bioone.org/keyword/Deciduous%20Forest>,</a> Fagus grandifolia <br>
> <<a href="http://www.bioone.org/keyword/Fagus%20Grandifolia>," target="_blank">http://www.bioone.org/keyword/Fagus%20Grandifolia>,</a> introduced <br>
> species <<a href="http://www.bioone.org/keyword/Introduced%20Species>," target="_blank">http://www.bioone.org/keyword/Introduced%20Species>,</a> Maximum <br>
> Entropy Modeling <br>
> <<a href="http://www.bioone.org/keyword/Maximum%20Entropy%20Modeling>," target="_blank">http://www.bioone.org/keyword/Maximum%20Entropy%20Modeling>,</a> <br>
> Microstegium vimineum <br>
> <<a href="http://www.bioone.org/keyword/Microstegium%20Vimineum>," target="_blank">http://www.bioone.org/keyword/Microstegium%20Vimineum>,</a> niche <br>
> <<a href="http://www.bioone.org/keyword/Niche>*" target="_blank">http://www.bioone.org/keyword/Niche>*</a><br>
><br>
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</font>