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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body bgcolor=white lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>Regarding “Although the straight species of Panicum virgatum (switchgrass) is native, it is a strong competitor and not suitable as a temporary fill-in to prevent weeds” USDA ARS reported their study that it is invasive as a mono-culture but not invasive at all if planted with enough other native species. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=yiv9933905954msonormal><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:blue'>Marc Imlay, PhD</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=yiv9933905954msonormal><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:blue'>Conservation biologist, Park Ranger Office, Non-native Invasive Plant Control coordinator. <br>(301) 442-5657 cell </span></b><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#1F497D'><a href="mailto:ialm@erols.com" target="_blank" title="blocked::mailto:ialm@erols.com">ialm@erols.com</a><br></span></b><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:blue'>Natural and Historical Resources Division<br>The Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission<br></span></b><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#1F497D'><a href="http://www.pgparks.com/" target="_blank" title="blocked::http://www.pgparks.com/blocked::http://www.pgparks.com/blocked::http://www.pgparks.com/blocked::blocked::blocked::http://www.pgparks.com/blocked::blocked::http://www.pgparks.com/blocked::http://www.pgparks.com/blocked::http://www.pgpa">www.pgparks.com</a></span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica Neue";color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:windowtext'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:windowtext'> MAIPC [mailto:maipc-bounces@lists.maipc.org] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Judy Fulton<br><b>Sent:</b> Thursday, March 22, 2018 12:05 AM<br><b>To:</b> Jensen, Mary <kate_jensen@nps.gov>; Toni Bailey <toni@gracefullygreen.com><br><b>Cc:</b> MAIPC@lists.maipc.org<br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [MAIPC] groundcover suggestions<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p><span style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'>HI Toni,<br><br>I have concerns about this Ernst "Right-of-Way Native Woods Mix w/Annual Ryegrass" because it contains some potentially invasive species and cultivars. Also, it includes aggressive plants that I don't consider a temporary fix for keeping out weeds. Instead, depending on how much sun your shady site gets, they might crowd out less aggressive species. Here are comments on some of the species in this Ernst mix:</span><o:p></o:p></p><ul type=disc><li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'>Lolium multiflorum syn. Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum (annual ryegrass) is a non-native profuse seeder considered invasive by West Virginia. According to CABI: "L. multiflorum is a highly competitive and rapidly growing plant, capable of producing large quantities of seed. It is genetically diverse and displays a high degree of phenotypic plasticity and these characteristics mean that is highly adaptable. It can invade natural grassland and other plant communities that are subject to frequent disturbance." I really don't know why it is still included in commercial mixes.</span><o:p></o:p></li><li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'>Although the straight species of Panicum virgatum (switchgrass) is native, it is a strong competitor and not suitable as a temporary fill-in to prevent weeds. Moreover, the Ernst mix contains the cultivar 'Shawnee'. There are two potential issues with using a switchgrass cultivar: <br>- I don't know the characteristics of 'Shawnee', but many P. virgatum cultivars are bred to be more aggressive for conditions such as roadsides where quick establishment and coverage are desirable. That said, a mitigating factor to switchgrass' aggressiveness might be the shadiness of your site. <br>- Cultivars have little genetic diversity, and are at risk for damaging native populations through cross-pollination.</span><o:p></o:p></li><li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'>Panicum clandestinum, 'Tioga' (deertongue) is also a cultivar, so has the potential to damage wild populations. Besides, the USDA describes 'Tioga' as having strong rhizomes and abundant seed.</span><o:p></o:p></li><li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'>Festuca rubra (creeping red fescue) is probably a combination of native and introduced in Maryland, and is sometimes used in lawns. Would you want a rhizometous grass mixed in with your plantings?</span><o:p></o:p></li><li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'>Chamaecrista fasciculata (partridge pea) is an attractive native annual that prefers sun, and can spread aggressively from seed. </span><o:p></o:p></li><li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'>Carex vulpinoidea (fox sedge) is a somewhat weedy native that likes wet areas.</span><o:p></o:p></li></ul><p><span style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'>To summarize, I'm not sure that this seed combination would be appropriate for you based on your stated goal although your shade (partial shade?) might keep the more aggressive plants under some control. In fact, I can't say what species would work best for you because I don't know the growing conditions at your site (e.g., degree of shade, moisture level, soil type). <br><br>I'd recommend one or more straight-species natives, that aren't overly aggressive. For example, Danthonia spicata (poverty oatgrass) could be used as a fill-in if the soil at your site tends towards poor, dry and rocky. Also, would you consider the more expensive option of plugs instead of seed? If so, there are a lot of woodland sedges that are deer resistant and are good choices if they work for your growing conditions, such as Carex pensylvanica (Pennsylvania sedge), C. radiata (eastern star sedge) and C. glaucodea (blue wood sedge -- note this is not the same as C. flaccosperma). Another possibility, if you have the budget, is just to fill in spaces around the existing plants with plugs of the same herbaceous species you've already chosen. In any case, you might want to avoid using: (1) compost because it can encourage weeds due to increased soil fertility, and (2) mulch because it can inhibit spread of the existing plants through seed germination.<br><br>Please let me know if you have further questions.<br><br>Judy</span><br>____________________________________________<o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><br>Judith P. Fulton<br>Consultant & Educator, Native and Invasive Plants<br>Master Gardener, University of Maryland Extension<br>Chair, Maryland Invasive Species Council Subcommittee on Invasives Lists<br>410-337-3701<br><a href="mailto:jfulton5@gmail.com">jfulton5@gmail.com</a><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>On 3/19/2018 8:00 AM, Jensen, Mary wrote:<o:p></o:p></p></div><blockquote style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Hi Toni,<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>At Valley Forge NHP we used this mix from Ernst:<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><a href="https://www.ernstseed.com/product/right-of-way-native-woods-mix-wannual-ryegrass/?anchor=0">https://www.ernstseed.com/product/right-of-way-native-woods-mix-wannual-ryegrass/?anchor=0</a><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>to re-seed a social trail that we closed. So far, seems to be working.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>But not sure about deer, Valley Forge has gotten them down to about 30 per square mile... Maybe Ernst can let you know if this would still work if your deer are higher density, or maybe they have some other options.<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><br clear=all><o:p></o:p></p><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>**************************************************************<br>Kate Jensen<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>Mid-Atlantic Exotic Plant Management Team Liaison<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>Shenandoah National Park<br>3655 US Hwy 211 E<br>Luray, VA 22835</span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>540 999 3500 x3496<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>FAX 540 999 3693<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><a href="mailto:kate_jensen@nps.gov" target="_blank"><span style='color:#1155CC'>kate_jensen@nps.gov</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:Webdings;color:green'>P</span></b><b><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:navy'> </span></b><b><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#38761D'>Please c</span></b><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#38761D'>onsider the environment before printing this email</span></b><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal>On Fri, Mar 16, 2018 at 12:10 PM, Toni Bailey <<a href="mailto:toni@gracefullygreen.com" target="_blank">toni@gracefullygreen.com</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p><blockquote style='border:none;border-left:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 6.0pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-right:0in'><div><div><div id="m_-8856588076141657550yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1521211288767_15256"><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'>Hello All:<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="m_-8856588076141657550yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1521211288767_15256"><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div id="m_-8856588076141657550yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1521211288767_15256"><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'>I am working with a shady slope near a natural area in Montgomery County, MD that was planted last spring with a combination of native trees, shrubs, ferns, and flowering perennials. Like everywhere, the deer presence is heavy. We are considering seeding this spring with a groundcover that will establish easily and keep the weeds at bay until the other plants fill in.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="m_-8856588076141657550yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1521211288767_15256"><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div id="m_-8856588076141657550yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1521211288767_15256"><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'>Does anyone have suggestions for things that work well in these conditions?<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="m_-8856588076141657550yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1521211288767_15256"><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div id="m_-8856588076141657550yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1521211288767_15256"><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'>Thanks so much for your help!<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="m_-8856588076141657550yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1521211288767_15256"><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div id="m_-8856588076141657550yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1521211288767_15256"><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'>Toni Bailey<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="m_-8856588076141657550yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1521211288767_15255"><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="m_-8856588076141657550yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1521211288767_15246"><div id="m_-8856588076141657550yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1521211288767_15254"><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span class=m-8856588076141657550apple-style-span><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif'>Toni Bailey</span></span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="m_-8856588076141657550yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1521211288767_15253"><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span class=m-8856588076141657550yui3202136750578371693><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:Pristina;color:green'>Gracefully Green, LLC</span></b></span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="m_-8856588076141657550yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1521211288767_15245"><div id="m_-8856588076141657550yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1521211288767_15252"><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:navy'>Sustainable Landscape Specialists</span><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Consolas'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="m_-8856588076141657550yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1521211288767_15251"><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:navy'>Silver Spring, Maryland 20910</span><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Consolas'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="m_-8856588076141657550yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1521211288767_15250"><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:navy'>voice: 301-279-0234</span><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Consolas'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="m_-8856588076141657550yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1521211288767_15249"><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:navy'>fax: 301-279-0134</span><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Consolas'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="m_-8856588076141657550yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1521211288767_15248"><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:navy'><a href="http://www.gracefullygreen.com/" target="_blank" title="blocked::http://www.gracefullygreen.com/">www.gracefullygreen.com</a></span><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Consolas'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div id="m_-8856588076141657550yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1521211288767_15247"><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Consolas'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div id="m_-8856588076141657550yui_3_16_0_ym19_1_1521211288767_15244"><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Consolas'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div></div></div></div><div id="m_-8856588076141657550DAB4FAD8-2DD7-40BB-A1B8-4E2AA1F9FDF2"><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><table class=MsoNormalTable border=1 cellpadding=0 style='border:none;border-top:solid #D3D4DE 1.0pt'><tr><td width=58 style='width:41.25pt;border:none;padding:9.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'><p class=MsoNormal><a 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href="mailto:MAIPC@lists.maipc.org">MAIPC@lists.maipc.org</a><br><a href="http://lists.maipc.org/listinfo.cgi/maipc-maipc.org" target="_blank">http://lists.maipc.org/listinfo.cgi/maipc-maipc.org</a><o:p></o:p></p></blockquote></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><br><br><br><o:p></o:p></p><pre>_______________________________________________<o:p></o:p></pre><pre>MAIPC mailing list<o:p></o:p></pre><pre><a href="mailto:MAIPC@lists.maipc.org">MAIPC@lists.maipc.org</a><o:p></o:p></pre><pre><a href="http://lists.maipc.org/listinfo.cgi/maipc-maipc.org">http://lists.maipc.org/listinfo.cgi/maipc-maipc.org</a><o:p></o:p></pre></blockquote><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div></body></html>