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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'>To get started I did a quick search for biological control of the suggested climate change invasives moving in. Marc<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'>Biological control of </span></b><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt'>Phragmites, Miscanthus, Hydrilla verticillate, </span></b><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'>black fountain grass (Cenchrus purpurascens aka Pennisetum alopecuroides), purple fountain grass (Cenchrus setaceus aka Pennisetum setaceum), </span></b><b><span style='font-size:16.0pt'>Boston ivy</span></b><span style='font-size:16.0pt'>,</span> <b><span style='font-size:16.0pt'>Mimosa</span></b>, <b><span style='font-size:16.0pt'>Liriope,</span></b> <b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'>and Nandina <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'>biological control of </span></b><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt'>Miscanthus </span></b><a name=BiologicalControl><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>Biological control:</span></a><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'> Widespread use of Chinese silvergrass as an ornamental makes it unlikely that a biological control will be developed for this species. Additionally, many ornamental plants, particularly Chinese silvergrass, are chosen because they have few biological enemies [<a href="https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/missin/all.html#101">101</a>].</span> <b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:16.0pt'><a href="https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/missin/all.html#BiologicalControl">https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/missin/all.html#BiologicalControl</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:16.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><b><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>A Biological Control Effort Begins...<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>During a 1996 visit to South Africa, ARS entomologist Joe<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Balciunas examined all the specimens of this vine at the major herbaria<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>there. He found that it was surprisingly uncommon in its native land.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Over the next two years, a coalition of funding agencies, led by the<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>California Native Plant Society, and Exotic Pest Plant Council,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>assembled the funds necessary to initiate a biological control project<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>against Cape ivy. During 1998 and 1999, scientists at South Africa’s<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Plant Protection Research Institute (PPRI), under Dr. Balciunas’s<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>guidance, surveyed throughout South Africa, and identified hundreds of<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>insects associated with this vine. A half-dozen of these showed promise<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>as potential biological control agents.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Since 2001, we have been evaluating the safety and biology of two<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>of these insects: <i>Parafreutreta regalis </i>- a gall making fly, and<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><i><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Digitivalva delaireae </span></i><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>- a stem boring moth, at the ARS quarantine<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>laboratory in Albany, California. Thus far, both look promising in<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>controlling Cape ivy and appear to pose no risk to native plants. We<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>hope to complete testing both these insects by the latter part of 2004,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>and then seek approval for their release in California. </span><b><span style='font-size:16.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:16.0pt'><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/20300535/Posters/Cape_ivy_poster.pdf">https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/20300535/Posters/Cape_ivy_poster.pdf</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:16.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:16.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:16.0pt'>Biological control insects as part of efforts to control <em><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>Hydrilla </span></em>have been attempted in Florida with mixed res ults. Leaf-mining flies from Australia and India and a tuber-feeding weevil from India have been used overseas. The insects released are not native to NY, nor are they currently permitted for release in the State. The use of non-native species to attempt to control another non-native species can be risky if the newly released species out-competes native insects, causing a new invasive species problem. The use of sterile grass carp has been used with some success in small lakes in the southern US but would be impractical in lakes the size of the Finger Lakes. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:16.0pt'>©Copyright New York Invasive Species Information 2019 <a href="http://nyis.info/invasive_species/hydrilla/">http://nyis.info/invasive_species/hydrilla/</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'>https://extension.umd.edu/sites/extension.umd.edu/files/_images/programs/hgic/Invasives/UME%20Invasive%20Plant%20List%20Apr-11-2017%20v2.pdf<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=Default> <span style='font-size:10.5pt'>r more information contact <b>Weed Management Branch <o:p></o:p></b></span></p><p class=Default><span style='font-size:10.5pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=Default><b><span style='font-size:24.0pt'>Biological Control of Mimosa </span></b><span style='font-size:24.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=Default><b><span style='font-size:10.5pt'>Darwin: </span></b><span style='font-size:10.5pt'>8999 2380 <b>Katherine: </b>8999 2380 <b>Tennant Creek: </b>8962 4314 <b>Email: </b>weedinfo@nt.gov.au Web : www.nt.gov.au/weeds </span><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt'>https://denr.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/258068/Fact-Sheet-5.-Malacorhinus-2018.pdf<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=Default><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt'> <i>Malacorhinus irregularis </i>is the scientific name of the beetle commonly called malacorhinus. It is native to Mexico and was introduced into the Northern Territory in 2000 after a year of testing in quarantine. Adults are shiny, red beetles, about 7mm long, with black marks on their wings. They can be hard to find, except when mimosa is inundated by flood water and beetles are forced onto the leaves. Adult malacorhinus beetles feed on the young leaves of mimosa seedlings. Larvae also feed on the seeds, nodules, roots and the leaves of mimosa seedlings, decreasing its ability to grow and reproduce. Malacorhinus has become well established across the Top End and is successfully contributing to mimosa control long term. It is sometimes present in large numbers and can cause significant damage to mimosa infestations.</span></b><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal><b>From:</b> MAIPC <maipc-bounces@lists.maipc.org> <b>On Behalf Of </b>Marc Imlay<br><b>Sent:</b> Saturday, February 02, 2019 8:25 AM<br><b>To:</b> maipc@lists.maipc.org; 'Reardon, Richard C -FS' <rreardon@fs.fed.us>; rodswalker@gmail.com; INVASIVES@LISTSERV.UMD.EDU<br><b>Subject:</b> [MAIPC] FW: Invasive plants and climate change<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt'>Phragmites, Miscanthus, Hydrilla verticillate, </span></b><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'>black fountain grass (Cenchrus purpurascens aka Pennisetum alopecuroides), purple fountain grass (Cenchrus setaceus aka Pennisetum setaceum), </span></b><b><span style='font-size:16.0pt'>Boston ivy</span></b><span style='font-size:16.0pt'>,</span> <b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'>and Nandina and other new invasives due to climate change deserve biological control updates. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'>Dick and Rod, any advice would be welcome.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span lang=EN style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:blue'>Marc Imlay, PhD </span></b><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt'><b><span lang=EN style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:blue'>Conservation biologist, Park Ranger Office, Non-native Invasive Plant Control coordinator. <br>(301) 442-5657 cell </span></b><a href="mailto:ialm@erols.com"><b><span lang=EN style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0563C1'>ialm@erols.com</span></b></a><b><span lang=EN style='font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:blue'><br>Natural and Historical Resources Division<br>The Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission</span></b><span style='color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#26282A'><br></span>On Jan 31, 2019, at 3:42 PM, Ossi, Damien (DOEE) <<a href="mailto:damien.ossi@dc.gov">damien.ossi@dc.gov</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>Thanks, everyone. I had not thought of Miscanthus or fountaingrass. And I agree that it’s difficult to tease out the differing impacts that climate and planting/seed pressure have on invasives that are showing up in natural areas. I can’t even begin to think of how to set up a study that could tease those out. </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'> </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>Damien</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'> </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'>From:</span></b><span class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'> </span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'>MAIPC [</span><a href="mailto:maipc-bounces@lists.maipc.org"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:purple'>mailto:maipc-bounces@lists.maipc.org</span></a><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'>]<span class=apple-converted-space> </span><b>On Behalf Of<span class=apple-converted-space> </span></b></span><a href="mailto:phytodoer@aol.com"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:purple'>phytodoer@aol.com</span></a><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'><br><b>Sent:</b><span class=apple-converted-space> </span>Thursday, January 31, 2019 2:06 PM<br><b>To:</b><span class=apple-converted-space> </span></span><a href="mailto:kirsten2622@comcast.net"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:purple'>kirsten2622@comcast.net</span></a><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'>;<span class=apple-converted-space> </span></span><a href="mailto:Robert.Servis@montgomeryparks.org"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:purple'>Robert.Servis@montgomeryparks.org</span></a><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'><br><b>Cc:</b><span class=apple-converted-space> </span></span><a href="mailto:maipc@lists.maipc.org"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif;color:purple'>maipc@lists.maipc.org</span></a><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'><br><b>Subject:</b><span class=apple-converted-space> </span>Re: [MAIPC] Invasive plants and climate change</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:12.0pt;background:#FFEB9C'><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:#9C6500'>CAUTION:</span></b><span class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:10.0pt'> </span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>This email originated from outside of the DC Government. Do not click on links or open attachments unless you recognize the sender and know that the content is safe. If you believe that this email is suspicious, please forward to<span class=apple-converted-space> </span></span><a href="mailto:phishing@dc.gov"><span style='font-size:10.0pt;color:purple'>phishing@dc.gov</span></a><span class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:10.0pt'> </span></span><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>for additional analysis by OCTO Security Operations Center (SOC).</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>to add to the complication - how to differentiate climate-related factors from simple proliferation of human-planted source sites? If fashion promotes planting of a species either in new home developments or in greater quantities than before, propagule pressure will increase. The planting decisions might be guided to some extent by climatic factors, but they might simply reflect fads and marketing.</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'> </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>Faith</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'> </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>In a message dated 1/31/2019 1:58:29 PM Eastern Standard Time,<span class=apple-converted-space> </span></span><a href="mailto:kirsten2622@comcast.net"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:purple'>kirsten2622@comcast.net</span></a><span class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> </span></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>writes:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Miscanthus is a huge problem in the rare serpentine area of Lake Roland in Baltimore County. It has spread into the park and all up and down Falls Road from one business that planted it out front. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>Kirsten Johnson<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>On Jan 31, 2019, at 1:54 PM, Servis, Robert <</span><a href="mailto:Robert.Servis@montgomeryparks.org" target="_blank"><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:purple'>Robert.Servis@montgomeryparks.org</span></a><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal>I agree,<span class=yiv4497285888apple-converted-space> </span><span class=yiv4497285888><span style='background:yellow'>Miscanthus</span></span><span class=yiv4497285888apple-converted-space> </span>has really taken off in the Mid-Atlantic area in the last few years I feel. I’m seeing it more and more in “natural areas”(where it has obviously escaped the landscape beds), at least here in Montgomery Co., Md.<span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal> <span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal>Another one that comes to mind is<span class=yiv4497285888apple-converted-space> </span><span class=yiv4497285888><span style='background:yellow'>Black Fountain</span></span><span class=yiv4497285888apple-converted-space> </span>Grass (and/or other species of commonly landscaped “fountain grasses”). I have started seeing this MUCH more in natural areas just in the past 3-5yrs than I had ever noticed before. It is spreading even into maintained lawn grasses. (I have a small patch In the corner of my yard that has come around the corner of my fence from the neighbors landscaped flowerbed<span class=yiv4497285888apple-converted-space> </span><span class=yiv4497285888><span style='font-family:"Segoe UI Emoji",serif'>☹</span></span>…trying to now come up with a good control for it without killing the rest of my lawn grass, or having to dig it all up by hand and have holes in the yard.<span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal> <span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal>*not sure if the spread of these is somewhat due to warming climates or what the true factors involved here are, but It seems that warming climates would only help the spread of these species if anything.<span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal>I know the seeds are transported sometimes by vehicle tires, lawn mowers, in-proper disposal of yard/landscape clippings, etc.., in addition to being wind dispersed. I am seeing it a lot on open, abundantly sunny wood edges, mowed paths, and even now into the shady understory of mature forested areas.<span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal> <span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal>Hopefully this is helpful, but I’ll try to keep thinking of others.<span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal> <span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><strong><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>From:</span></strong><span class=yiv4497285888apple-converted-space> </span>MAIPC <<a href="mailto:maipc-bounces@lists.maipc.org" target="_blank"><span style='color:purple'>maipc-bounces@lists.maipc.org</span></a>><span class=yiv4497285888apple-converted-space> </span><strong><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>On Behalf Of</span></strong><span class=yiv4497285888apple-converted-space><b> </b></span>Mark Frey<br><strong><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>Sent:</span></strong><span class=yiv4497285888apple-converted-space> </span>Thursday, January 31, 2019 1:34 PM<br><strong><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>To:</span></strong><span class=yiv4497285888apple-converted-space> </span>MAIPC Listserve <<a href="mailto:maipc@lists.maipc.org" target="_blank"><span style='color:purple'>maipc@lists.maipc.org</span></a>><br><strong><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>Subject:</span></strong><span class=yiv4497285888apple-converted-space> </span>Re: [MAIPC] Invasive plants and climate change<span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal> <span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal>I agree about Boston ivy but the species that seem(s) to really exemplify the potential is Miscanthus spp. A huge problem in the south and becoming more so here.<span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal> <span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal> <span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal>On Thu, Jan 31, 2019 at 11:11 AM MARGARET L CHATHAM <<a href="mailto:margaret.chatham@verizon.net" target="_blank"><span style='color:purple'>margaret.chatham@verizon.net</span></a>> wrote:<span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal>I agree that oriental bittersweet is a growing problem, but not that it’s an example of an exotic pest moving south-to-north. My first introduction to the idea of invasive exotic plants was fighting oriental bittersweet in Connecticut, 1978-81. At the time, I didn’t know of anyone else fighting the problem, but I called it a “take-over-the-world” plant & honed my recognition of it in its earliest, most easily pullable stages.<span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal> <span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal>Margaret Chatham<span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'> <span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal>On Jan 31, 2019, at 10:53 AM, Marc Imlay <<a href="mailto:ialm@erols.com" target="_blank"><span style='color:purple'>ialm@erols.com</span></a>> wrote:<span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal> <span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span class=yiv4497285888><span style='font-size:14.0pt'>In Maryland Oriental Bittersweet has become about 10 times more difficult to control in the last decade bas discussed at a MISAC meeting by many folks in the meeting.</span></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal> <span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal> <span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal> <span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><strong><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>From:</span></strong><span class=yiv4497285888gmail-m3563275228062924958apple-converted-space> </span>MAIPC <<a href="mailto:maipc-bounces@lists.maipc.org" target="_blank"><span class=yiv4497285888><span style='color:purple'>maipc-bounces@lists.maipc.org</span></span></a>><span class=yiv4497285888gmail-m3563275228062924958apple-converted-space> </span><strong><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>On Behalf Of</span></strong><span class=yiv4497285888gmail-m3563275228062924958apple-converted-space><b> </b></span>Melissa Bravo<br><strong><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>Sent:</span></strong><span class=yiv4497285888gmail-m3563275228062924958apple-converted-space> </span>Thursday, January 31, 2019 10:48 AM<br><strong><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>To:</span></strong><span class=yiv4497285888gmail-m3563275228062924958apple-converted-space> </span>MAIPC Listserve (<a href="mailto:maipc@lists.maipc.org" target="_blank"><span class=yiv4497285888><span style='color:purple'>maipc@lists.maipc.org</span></span></a>) <<a href="mailto:maipc@lists.maipc.org" target="_blank"><span class=yiv4497285888><span style='color:purple'>maipc@lists.maipc.org</span></span></a>>; Ossi, Damien (DOEE) <<a href="mailto:damien.ossi@dc.gov" target="_blank"><span class=yiv4497285888><span style='color:purple'>damien.ossi@dc.gov</span></span></a>><br><strong><span style='font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif'>Subject:</span></strong><span class=yiv4497285888gmail-m3563275228062924958apple-converted-space> </span>Re: [MAIPC] Invasive plants and climate change<span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal> <span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span class=yiv4497285888><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>The Invasive Plants guide sold by StackPole is sorted climatically and I have found it a good indicator of what can transition with a few degrees of minimum maximum temperatures. But it will take longer for them to acclimate their reproductive day length cycles to be fertile seed distributors.</span></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal> <span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span class=yiv4497285888><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Melissa A. Bravo, M.S. CCA, Agronomist</span></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span class=yiv4497285888><span style='font-size:13.5pt'>Meadow Lake Farm Consulting Services 814-574-4067 /</span></span><span class=yiv4497285888gmail-m3563275228062924958apple-converted-space><span style='font-size:13.5pt'> </span></span><a href="mailto:bravomelissa@yahoo.com" target="_blank"><span style='font-size:13.5pt;color:purple'>bravomelissa@yahoo.com</span></a><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal> <span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=yiv4497285888msonormal style='margin-bottom:13.5pt'><span class=yiv4497285888><span style='font-size:13.5pt'> </span></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal> <span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal><b>From:</b> MAIPC <<a href="mailto:maipc-bounces@lists.maipc.org">maipc-bounces@lists.maipc.org</a>> <b>On Behalf Of </b>Ivmpartners2<br><b>Sent:</b> Friday, February 01, 2019 10:28 PM<br><b>To:</b> Liz Nalle <<a href="mailto:liznalle5@gmail.com">liznalle5@gmail.com</a>><br><b>Cc:</b> <a href="mailto:maipc@lists.maipc.org">maipc@lists.maipc.org</a><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [MAIPC] Invasive plants and climate change<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'>Phragmites spreads primarily from disturbance, as roadside mowing promotes new rooting from every leaf node. It is best controlled with an herbicide treatment of a combination of glyphosate and imazapyr, followed by fire during the winter to remove the thatch layer. Then a touch up herbicide treatment the following year. <o:p></o:p></p><div id=AppleMailSignature><p class=MsoNormal>Rick Johnstone <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><br>On Feb 1, 2019, at 1:43 PM, Liz Nalle <<a href="mailto:liznalle5@gmail.com">liznalle5@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p></div><blockquote style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Miscanthus and Pennisetum are both problems in coastal Delaware but I would add that they spread primarily from being planted, then the seeds are wind blown. Regarding Phrag, some areas here have given up on eradication, and are now concentrating on managing it, if that’s even possible. We are very prone to flooding, though, so with sea level rise which we are living, it will be interesting to see it move as it doesn’t tolerate standing water. <o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Excellent point about Baccharis spreading due to road salt! I see it in many more places recently. <o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Liz<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>On Fri, Feb 1, 2019 at 1:14 PM Judy Fulton <<a href="mailto:jfulton5@gmail.com">jfulton5@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p></div><blockquote style='border:none;border-left:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 6.0pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><div><p><span style='font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif'>When people mention groundsel tree, I'm assuming that they are referring to Baccharis halimifolia. This species is a native to the Coastal Plain ecoregions throughout the mid-Atlantic, but it is becoming adventive in the Piedmont and various mountain ecoregions. I agree with Margaret Chatham that a likely reason for this movement is salt tolerance -- I see the plant fairly frequently in the difficult strip next to highways that have been treated with salt. So, I'm not sure that Baccharis halimifolia is going to become a problem.<br><br>Judy</span><o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'>____________________________________________<br><br>Judith P. Fulton<br>EcoPlant Consulting: Native and Invasive Plants<br>Master Gardener, University of Maryland Extension<br>Chair, Maryland Invasive Species Council Subcommittee on Invasives Lists<br>Board, Mid-Atlantic Invasive Plant Council<br>410-337-3701<br><a href="mailto:jfulton5@gmail.com" target="_blank">jfulton5@gmail.com</a><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>On 2/1/2019 12:07 PM, MARGARET L CHATHAM wrote:<o:p></o:p></p></div><blockquote style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal>I’d suggest another factor at work in the spread of groundsel tree (and Typha angustifolia): road salt. As the roadways become saltier, they offer better habitat for salt-tolerant plants. (And Ii see Miscanthus spread as primarily driven by planted seed sources — strictly anecdotal comment.) <o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Margaret<o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></p><blockquote style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><div><p class=MsoNormal>On Feb 1, 2019, at 11:42 AM, Stephen Hiltner <<a href="mailto:stevehiltner@gmail.com" target="_blank">stevehiltner@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>I'll chime in with a few observations. The first invasive example of Miscanthus I saw many years back was in a field outside of Newport, Rhode Island during my one and only visit there. In NC at turn of the century it was only invasive on Mount Mitchell and some horticulturist of great stature, perhaps the one who wrote "the book" on shrubs/trees, said in a discussion at NC Bot Gardens that only one variety of Miscanthus was invasive. In recent years I've seen examples of invasion in NJ and PA along freeways. <o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Groundsel tree is one to look out for, as it spread from the NC coast up freeways into the piedmont and has become a serious invasive in the Durham, NC area, invading grasslands and lining freeway right of ways. Seen a few incidents in central NJ but not much yet.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Go to Princeton battlefield, and it's hard to imagine porcelainberry getting any worse--topiary on a massive scale.<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Steve<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><a href="http://princetonnaturenotes.org/" target="_blank">PrincetonNatureNotes.org</a><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>On Fri, Feb 1, 2019 at 10:55 AM Liz Nalle <<a href="mailto:liznalle5@gmail.com" target="_blank">liznalle5@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p></div><blockquote style='border:none;border-left:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 6.0pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><div><p class=MsoNormal>Here in southern, coastal Delaware, Phragmites australis and Hydrilla verticillata are big problems. I’m not sure how much climate change has facilitated their spread, but they are from father south in Asia I believe. <o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Liz Nalle<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Inland Bays Garden Center<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Frankford DE<o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></p><blockquote style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><div><p class=MsoNormal>On Jan 31, 2019, at 9:36 PM, Jil Swearingen <<a href="mailto:jilswearingen@gmail.com" target="_blank">jilswearingen@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>All,<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>EDDMapS might be enlisted here to help. If one can do a query over time (e.g., 20-30 years) of invasive plant species occurring in the Southeast states that eventually start being reported in the mid-Atlantic in recent years, that would produce a list to start working with. Chuck Bargeron would be the obvious go-to person to run this query. I don't know how to do it with the tools available for users.<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Thanks,<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>Jil<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt'>.......................<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Jil Swearingen<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Invasive Species Consultant<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><i>In the Weeds</i><o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>410-200-7085<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>On Thu, Jan 31, 2019 at 9:22 PM James Remuzzi <<a href="mailto:james@sustainablesolutionsllc.net" target="_blank">james@sustainablesolutionsllc.net</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p></div><blockquote style='border:none;border-left:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 6.0pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><div><p class=MsoNormal>I would second the USDA work on CO2 re vines would add Mile a Minute to those species previously mentioned —vines: both invasive and native, have exploded in last 20 years and are having a devastating impact on Native Forests and Shrublands. <o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div id="m_2895971027535984572gmail-m_-363393513379177317gmail-m_-500566927301392564AppleMailSignature"><p class=MsoNormal>JRR <o:p></o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>James R. Remuzzi<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Sustainable Solutions, LLC<o:p></o:p></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><a href="http://www.sustainablesolutionsllc.net/" target="_blank">www.sustainablesolutionsllc.net</a><o:p></o:p></p></div></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><br>On Jan 31, 2019, at 4:27 PM, frazmo <<a href="mailto:frazmo@gmail.com" target="_blank">frazmo@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p></div><blockquote style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>Lewis Ziska with USDA has done interesting work about the worrying effects of rising CO2 levels on invasive vines (plus native Poison ivy). My sense is that Kudzu is gradually becoming worse in the northern mid-Atlantic as things warm. Colder temps used to hold back Hedera helix in our north but that obviously is changing. I'm sure there is a long list of southern invasives marching toward us now... Cheers, Steve Young, Arlington VA<o:p></o:p></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>On Thu, Jan 31, 2019 at 10:10 AM Ossi, Damien (DOEE) <<a href="mailto:damien.ossi@dc.gov" target="_blank">damien.ossi@dc.gov</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p></div><blockquote style='border:none;border-left:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 6.0pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-top:5.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Question: What, if any, invasive plant species appear to be spreading into the mid-Atlantic due to climate change? I know there’s been talk of southern magnolia and other species that are native to just south of here starting to naturalize in our area, but I’m more interested exotic invasives. <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>What invasive plants are common in southern Virginia or northern North Carolina that we just don’t have in our area, but could move here with warmer climates?<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Thanks,<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'>Damien<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>Damien P. Ossi</span></b><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>Wildlife Biologist</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>Fisheries and Wildlife Division</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>Department of Energy & Environment</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>Government of the District of Columbia</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>1200 First Street NE, 5th Floor</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>Washington, DC 20002</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>Desk: (202) 741-0840</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>Web: </span><a href="http://www.doee.dc.gov/" target="_blank"><span style='font-size:10.0pt'>doee.dc.gov</span></a><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'> <o:p></o:p></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:2.5in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:226.2pt'>_______________________________________________<o:p></o:p></p></blockquote></div></div></blockquote></div></div></blockquote></div></div></blockquote></div></div></div></blockquote></div></div></blockquote></div></div></blockquote></div></blockquote></div></div></div></blockquote><div id=DAB4FAD8-2DD7-40BB-A1B8-4E2AA1F9FDF2><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><table class=MsoNormalTable border=1 cellpadding=0 style='border:none;border-top:solid #D3D4DE 1.0pt'><tr><td width=55 style='width:41.25pt;border:none;padding:9.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></td><td width=470 style='width:352.5pt;border:none;padding:9.0pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:13.5pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#41424E'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></td></tr></table><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div></div></body></html>