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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:Optima">Does ground ivy invade areas other than lawns and lawn-adjacent areas? I don’t mean to suggest it would be wrong to manage something like that – just genuinely curious if anyone sees it as problematic or
interfering with their management goals. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Raleway;color:#333333;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">—</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Raleway;color:#333333"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><i><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Raleway;color:#928554;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">Norris Z. Muth, </span></i><i><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Raleway;color:#928554;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">Ph.D. </span></i><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Raleway;color:#928554"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Raleway;color:#0B2453;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in">Juniata College</span><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard;color:black"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Raleway;color:#2E75B6;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in"><a href="http://muthlab.org/"><span style="color:#2E75B6;background:white">muthlab.org</span></a></span><span style="font-family:-webkit-standard;color:#2E75B6"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">From: </span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">MAIPC <maipc-bounces@lists.maipc.org> on behalf of Marc Imlay <ialm@erols.com><br>
<b>Date: </b>Thursday, April 18, 2019 at 8:01 AM<br>
<b>To: </b>"INVASIVES@LISTSERV.UMD.EDU" <INVASIVES@LISTSERV.UMD.EDU>, "maipc@lists.maipc.org" <maipc@lists.maipc.org><br>
<b>Subject: </b>[MAIPC] biological control of ground ivy/ gill over the ground 2019<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt"> </span></b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt">So what is the impact of this rust on native plants?</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt"> </span></b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt">Marc</span></b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">• Biological control- A new rust fungus, Puccinia glechomatis, that attacks ground ivy has potential as a biocontrol for this invasive species. The fungus forms small tan dots on the undersides of the leaves and stems. A severe infection
can cause death of a whole leaf segment or an entire stolon and all its leaves.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.invasive.org/weedcd/pdfs/wow/ground-ivy.pdf"><span style="color:blue">https://www.invasive.org/weedcd/pdfs/wow/ground-ivy.pdf</span></a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#111111;background:white">The objective of this study was to find features in microcyclic rust fungi (Uredinales) on wild host plants favorable for extension of the natural
range of distribution. Puccinia glechomatis, a leptosporic rust fungus and its herbal host Glechoma hederacea (Lamiaceae), both natives to Eurasia and introduced in North America, were used for this study. Although the host has been known from North America
since the beginning of the nineteenth century, the rust fungus was first observed there only in recent years. Favorable features were identified by studying the life cycle of the rust, including nuclear conditions and seasonal characteristics as well as its
spread in North America. The life cycle was studied macroscopically by inoculation experiments, by various light microscope techniques, and by scanning electron microscopy. The spread of the pathogen and its host were reconstructed by evaluating host plant
herbarium specimens and databases, literature, and field study data. The studies on P. glechomatis show that, generally for microcyclic rust fungi, establishment and potential for spread are based on several favorable features of both the host (e.g., synanthropic
occurence and dispersal, genetic stability, regeneration of vegetative plant parts) and the rust fungus (asexual reproduction/genetic stability, homothallism, propagation with host plant, formation of both leptospores and thick-walled teliospores).</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225333251_Life_cycle_and_life_strategy_features_of_Puccinia_glechomatis_Uredinales_favorable_for_extending_the_natural_range_of_distribution"><span style="color:blue">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225333251_Life_cycle_and_life_strategy_features_of_Puccinia_glechomatis_Uredinales_favorable_for_extending_the_natural_range_of_distribution</span></a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222;background:white">There have been no </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_control" title="Biological control"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0B0080;background:white">biological
control</span></a><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222;background:white"> agents introduced by agencies such as the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USDA" title="USDA"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0B0080;background:white">USDA</span></a><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222;background:white"> in
North America to help to reduce its spread. It even appears that no research has been done on the subject of biological control agents for this plant.</span><sup><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222;background:white"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glechoma_hederacea#cite_note-waggy-2"><span style="color:#0B0080">[2]</span></a></span></sup><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222;background:white"> Biological
control, however, is the most ecologically effective type of control for plants such as this that invade </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0B0080;background:white">woodland</span></a><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222;background:white"> ecosystems,
as it does not cause destruction of valued species, or pollution, as chemical control attempts do.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glechoma_hederacea"><span style="color:blue">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glechoma_hederacea</span></a><o:p></o:p></p>
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