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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link="#0563C1" vlink="#954F72"><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt'>In one 200 acre park we encountered about 5 mono-cultural patches each about 10x10 feet square which volunteers were able to remove. Unfortunately in another park we have a 50x50 square foot patch that is too much for volunteers. So it is between a class 2 and class 3 invasive.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>Marc Imlay, PhD, <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>Chair, MAIPC Biological Control Working Group <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>Natural Places Committee Chair, Maryland Sierra Club<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>Conservation Biologist, Park Ranger Office, Non-native Invasive Plant Control Coordinator. <o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>Natural and Historical Resources Division<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>The Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal><b>From:</b> MAIPC <maipc-bounces@lists.maipc.org> <b>On Behalf Of </b>Grund, Steve<br><b>Sent:</b> Thursday, April 18, 2019 12:49 PM<br><b>To:</b> Muth, Norris (MUTH) <MUTH@juniata.edu>; maipc@lists.maipc.org<br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [MAIPC] biological control of ground ivy/ gill over the ground 2019<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>I see it pretty frequently outside of highly managed areas, mostly on floodplains, but it doesn’t really take over in my experience. Not a high priority for management at this time in my region (western Pennsylvania), but geographically and/or temporally, the situation might be different, as it often is.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>Steve Grund<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>Botanist<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>Western Pennsylvania Conservancy</span><span style='font-size:5.0pt;color:#1F497D;letter-spacing:-.5pt'> </span><span style='color:#1F497D;letter-spacing:-.5pt'>/</span><span style='font-size:5.0pt;color:#1F497D;letter-spacing:-1.0pt'> </span><span style='color:#1F497D'>Pennsylvania Natural Heritage Program<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>800 Waterfront Dr<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15222<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'>(412) 586-2350<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma",sans-serif'> MAIPC [<a href="mailto:maipc-bounces@lists.maipc.org">mailto:maipc-bounces@lists.maipc.org</a>] <b>On Behalf Of </b>Muth, Norris (MUTH)<br><b>Sent:</b> Thursday, April 18, 2019 12:20 PM<br><b>To:</b> <a href="mailto:maipc@lists.maipc.org">maipc@lists.maipc.org</a><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [MAIPC] biological control of ground ivy/ gill over the ground 2019<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:Optima'>Does ground ivy invade areas other than lawns and lawn-adjacent areas? I don’t mean to suggest it would be wrong to manage something like that – just genuinely curious if anyone sees it as problematic or interfering with their management goals. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:Optima'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Raleway;color:#333333;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>—</span><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Raleway;color:#333333'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><i><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Raleway;color:#928554;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Norris Z. Muth, </span></i><i><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Raleway;color:#928554;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Ph.D. </span></i><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:Raleway;color:#928554'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Raleway;color:#0B2453;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'>Juniata College</span><span style='font-family:-webkit-standard;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Raleway;color:#2E75B6;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in'><a href="http://muthlab.org/"><span style='color:#2E75B6;background:white'>muthlab.org</span></a></span><span style='font-family:-webkit-standard;color:#2E75B6'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:Optima'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:Optima'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'>From: </span></b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'>MAIPC <<a href="mailto:maipc-bounces@lists.maipc.org">maipc-bounces@lists.maipc.org</a>> on behalf of Marc Imlay <<a href="mailto:ialm@erols.com">ialm@erols.com</a>><br><b>Date: </b>Thursday, April 18, 2019 at 8:01 AM<br><b>To: </b>"<a href="mailto:INVASIVES@LISTSERV.UMD.EDU">INVASIVES@LISTSERV.UMD.EDU</a>" <<a href="mailto:INVASIVES@LISTSERV.UMD.EDU">INVASIVES@LISTSERV.UMD.EDU</a>>, "<a href="mailto:maipc@lists.maipc.org">maipc@lists.maipc.org</a>" <<a href="mailto:maipc@lists.maipc.org">maipc@lists.maipc.org</a>><br><b>Subject: </b>[MAIPC] biological control of ground ivy/ gill over the ground 2019<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt'> </span></b><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt'>So what is the impact of this rust on native plants?</span></b><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt'> </span></b><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt'>Marc</span></b><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>• Biological control- A new rust fungus, Puccinia glechomatis, that attacks ground ivy has potential as a biocontrol for this invasive species. The fungus forms small tan dots on the undersides of the leaves and stems. A severe infection can cause death of a whole leaf segment or an entire stolon and all its leaves.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><a href="https://www.invasive.org/weedcd/pdfs/wow/ground-ivy.pdf"><span style='color:blue'>https://www.invasive.org/weedcd/pdfs/wow/ground-ivy.pdf</span></a><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#111111;background:white'>The objective of this study was to find features in microcyclic rust fungi (Uredinales) on wild host plants favorable for extension of the natural range of distribution. Puccinia glechomatis, a leptosporic rust fungus and its herbal host Glechoma hederacea (Lamiaceae), both natives to Eurasia and introduced in North America, were used for this study. Although the host has been known from North America since the beginning of the nineteenth century, the rust fungus was first observed there only in recent years. Favorable features were identified by studying the life cycle of the rust, including nuclear conditions and seasonal characteristics as well as its spread in North America. The life cycle was studied macroscopically by inoculation experiments, by various light microscope techniques, and by scanning electron microscopy. The spread of the pathogen and its host were reconstructed by evaluating host plant herbarium specimens and databases, literature, and field study data. The studies on P. glechomatis show that, generally for microcyclic rust fungi, establishment and potential for spread are based on several favorable features of both the host (e.g., synanthropic occurence and dispersal, genetic stability, regeneration of vegetative plant parts) and the rust fungus (asexual reproduction/genetic stability, homothallism, propagation with host plant, formation of both leptospores and thick-walled teliospores).</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225333251_Life_cycle_and_life_strategy_features_of_Puccinia_glechomatis_Uredinales_favorable_for_extending_the_natural_range_of_distribution"><span style='color:blue'>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225333251_Life_cycle_and_life_strategy_features_of_Puccinia_glechomatis_Uredinales_favorable_for_extending_the_natural_range_of_distribution</span></a><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222;background:white'>There have been no </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_control" title="Biological control"><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0B0080;background:white'>biological control</span></a><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222;background:white'> agents introduced by agencies such as the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USDA" title=USDA><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0B0080;background:white'>USDA</span></a><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222;background:white'> in North America to help to reduce its spread. It even appears that no research has been done on the subject of biological control agents for this plant.</span><sup><span style='font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222;background:white'><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glechoma_hederacea#cite_note-waggy-2"><span style='color:#0B0080'>[2]</span></a></span></sup><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222;background:white'> Biological control, however, is the most ecologically effective type of control for plants such as this that invade </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodland" title=Woodland><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#0B0080;background:white'>woodland</span></a><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222;background:white'> ecosystems, as it does not cause destruction of valued species, or pollution, as chemical control attempts do.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glechoma_hederacea"><span style='color:blue'>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glechoma_hederacea</span></a><o:p></o:p></p><div id=DAB4FAD8-2DD7-40BB-A1B8-4E2AA1F9FDF2><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><table class=MsoNormalTable border=1 cellspacing=3 cellpadding=0 style='border:none;border-top:solid #D3D4DE 1.0pt'><tr><td width=55 style='width:41.25pt;border:none;padding:9.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:windowtext'><a href="https://www.avast.com/sig-email?utm_medium=email&utm_source=link&utm_campaign=sig-email&utm_content=emailclient&utm_term=icon" target="_blank"><span style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in;text-decoration:none'><img border=0 width=46 height=29 style='width:.4791in;height:.302in' id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:~WRD000.jpg" alt="Image removed by sender."></span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p></td><td width=470 style='width:352.5pt;border:none;padding:9.0pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'><p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:13.5pt'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#41424E'>Virus-free. <a href="https://www.avast.com/sig-email?utm_medium=email&utm_source=link&utm_campaign=sig-email&utm_content=emailclient&utm_term=link" target="_blank"><span style='color:#4453EA'>www.avast.com</span></a> <o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr></table><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'><br><br></span><b><span style='font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'>CONFIDENTIALITY NOTICE:</span></b><span style='font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif'> The materials in this electronic mail transmission (including all attachments) are private and confidential and are the property of the sender. 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