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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link="#0563C1" vlink="#954F72"><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>So does anyone plan to go to Frederick MD to see if the new biocontrol of wineberry is still there?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>Marc<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width="100%" style='width:100.0%;background:white;border-collapse:collapse'><tr><td valign=top style='padding:0in 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:13.0pt'><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333'>Bruckart, W.L., Eskandari, F. 2015. First Report of a Leaf Spot caused by Sphaerulina tirolensis on Rubus phoenicolasius. Plant Disease. Volume 99, Number 9, Page 1275.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:12.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:12.0pt;margin-left:0in'><b><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333'>Technical Abstract:</span></b><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333'> Diseased leaves of Rubus phoenicolasius (wineberry) were discovered on October 11, 2013 in a small, 3x3 m, infestation at a sunny location along Indian Springs Rd., Frederick, MD (N 39.467634, W 77.461362). Although the proportion of diseased plants was estimated to be less than10 per cent of the population, several leaves had numerous, angular, discrete necrotic spots, as large as 1 mm diam., characterized by white or light gray, necrotic centers containing pycnidia and distinct, thin, dark red margins. Isolation from surface-sterilized leaf tissue on acidified potato dextrose agar resulted in recovery of a Septoria-like fungus (FDWSRU 13-028). Koch’s postulates were satisfied after two separate inoculations of five healthy cut canes each of R. phoenicolasius from greenhouse-propagated plants; the same fungus was reisolated after each inoculation. The isolate was characterized by narrow, tubular, long, hyaline, and straight, curved or flexuous conidia having 4–6(–8) septations and measuring (mean [c.i.], P = 0.05; w x l) 2.25 [0.12] x 54.5 [ 4.6] microns. DNA was extracted from the isolate using DNEasy and sequenced for ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2 (GenBank No. KM408152). Using the BLAST option in GenBank, two accessions from raspberry, Rubus idaeus (GenBank Nos. KF251638 and KF251637), listed as “living cultures ex-type CBS 109017, 109018” by Verkley et al (2013), were 99 per cent similar, having only one nucleotide difference from the FDWSRU 13-028 sequence. The pathogen is tentatively identified as Sphaerulina cf. tirolensis Verkley, Quaedvlieg & Crous, on the basis of similar conidium morphological (Ellis et al. 1991, Verkley et al. 2013) and molecular characteristics (Verkley et al. 2013). Specimens have been submitted to the USDA, ARS, SMML and to the CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre in Utrecht, The Netherlands. Wineberry is a raspberry that was introduced from Asia and is now an invasive species in the eastern USA. This is the first report of S. tirolensis, a raspberry pathogen, on R. phoenicolasius. Characterization of diseases at new locations for plant introductions is fundamental to understanding ecological events and interactions where the host is introduced. This disease is likely established in the USA, because symptomatic plants were found at a new site near the original patch on August 15, 2014, and observations of significant increase in incidence have been made in September, 2014. At the present level of disease and the fact that symptoms appear after fruiting, it seems unlikely that this leaf spot is affecting population density to any significant level.<o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr></table><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=310070">https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=310070</a><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333;background:white'>Author</span></b><o:p></o:p></p><table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 style='border-collapse:collapse'><tr><td valign=top style='background:white;padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'><img border=0 width=16 height=18 style='width:.1666in;height:.1875in' id="Picture_x0020_1" src="cid:image001.gif@01D6D240.B726C6C0" alt=item></span><o:p></o:p></p></td><td valign=top style='background:white;padding:2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt 2.25pt'><p class=MsoNormal><span style='color:black'><a href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/people-locations/person?person-id=698"><span style='color:#4C2C92'>Bruckart, William - <i>Bill</i></span></a></span><o:p></o:p></p></td></tr></table><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;color:#333333'>Biological control: Numerous diseases and insects affect wineberry, including wineberry latent virus. See Ellis and others [</span><a href="http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/rubpho/all.html#17"><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;color:#337AB7'>17</span></a><span style='font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Trebuchet MS",sans-serif;color:#333333'>] for a review.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><a href="https://www.inaturalist.org/guide_taxa/354717">https://www.inaturalist.org/guide_taxa/354717</a><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><a name=17><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;background:white'>17.</span></a><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;color:black;background:white'> Ellis, Michael A.; Converse, Richard H.; Williams, Roger N.; Williamson, Brian. 1997. Compendium of raspberry and blackberry diseases and insects. St. Paul, MN: The American Phytopathological Society. 100 p. [73168]</span><o:p></o:p></p><div id=DAB4FAD8-2DD7-40BB-A1B8-4E2AA1F9FDF2><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>Raspberry is also a host</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></p></div></div></body></html>