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<div dir="ltr" data-setdir="false">I use straight vinegar, no additives. Glyphosate and other herbicides are not possible to use in this situation or at home as we have a yard/pollinator beds/woodlot/organic garden where I cannot use synthetic herbicides due to various certifications.</div><div dir="ltr" data-setdir="false"><br></div><div dir="ltr" data-setdir="false"><br></div>
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On Wednesday, July 14, 2021, 10:24:55 AM EDT, Randall, Johnny <jrandall@email.unc.edu> wrote:
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<p class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;">All: I have read over and over that vinegar (and any of the suggested additives such as salt, dishwashing liquid, etc.) are far more toxic than most herbicides – particularly glyphosate. Vinegar is toxic to
soil microorganisms including invertebrate larvae. A ½% (0.005) glyphosate solution works great for us at the NC Botanical Garden, which we have used for 20 years.
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<p class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;">Johnny Randall</span></p>
<p class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#2F5496;">Johnny Randall, PhD</span></p>
<p class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#2F5496;">Director of Conservation</span></p>
<p class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#2F5496;">North Carolina Botanical Garden</span></p>
<p class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#2F5496;">CB 3375</span></p>
<p class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#2F5496;">University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill
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<p class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#2F5496;">Chapel Hill NC 27599</span></p>
<p class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#2F5496;">ncbg.unc.edu</span></p>
<p class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#2F5496;">C – 919-923-0100</span></p>
<p class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;color:#2F5496;">W – 9191-962-2380</span></p>
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<p class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormal"><img id="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140Picture_x0020_13" style="width: 281px; max-width: 281px;" src="cid:Xe4sVcxbkaWZ03fHO1EB" data-inlineimagemanipulating="true" class="" data-id="1626296308084"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;"></span></p>
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<p class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormal"><b>From:</b> MAIPC <maipc-bounces@lists.maipc.org> <b>On Behalf Of
</b>Richard Gardner<br clear="none">
<b>Sent:</b> Wednesday, July 14, 2021 10:19 AM<br clear="none">
<b>To:</b> MAIPC Listserve <maipc@lists.maipc.org>; MNPS Board <board@mdflora.org>; Jil Swearingen <jilswearingen@gmail.com><br clear="none">
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [MAIPC] Fwd: WEED ALERT | Japanese Stiltgrass</p>
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<p class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;">I had really good results when spraying Japanese Stiltgrass with horticultural vinegar (30%)on a trail I use a lot. I used a standard backpack sprayer. The horticultural vinegar looks
like it works well on grasses in general.</span></p>
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<p class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;"> </span></p>
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<p class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;"> Richard Gardner</span></p>
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<p class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:sans-serif;color:#26282A;">On Tuesday, July 13, 2021, 11:09:12 PM EDT, Jil Swearingen <<a shape="rect" href="mailto:jilswearingen@gmail.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">jilswearingen@gmail.com</a>> wrote:
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<p class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:sans-serif;color:#26282A;">Please see email below.</span></p>
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<p class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:sans-serif;color:#26282A;">Thanks,</span></p>
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<p class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:sans-serif;color:#26282A;">Jil</span></p>
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<p class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:sans-serif;color:#26282A;">---------- Forwarded message ---------<br clear="none">
From: <strong><span style="font-family:sans-serif;">Blue Ridge PRISM</span></strong> <<a shape="rect" href="mailto:info@blueridgeprism.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">info@blueridgeprism.org</a>><br clear="none">
Date: Fri, Jul 9, 2021 at 5:42 PM<br clear="none">
Subject: WEED ALERT | Japanese Stiltgrass<br clear="none">
To: Jil Swearingen <<a shape="rect" href="mailto:jilswearingen@gmail.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">jilswearingen@gmail.com</a>></span></p>
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<p class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt;"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:sans-serif;color:#26282A;"> </span></p>
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<p class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormal" style="background:#FAFAFA;"><span class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140ydp758ac178yiv5632679144m-6994336899161502591mcnpreviewtext"><span style="font-size:1.0pt;font-family:sans-serif;color:#26282A;">Identify and control Japanese stiltgrass now!</span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:sans-serif;color:#26282A;">
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<p align="center" class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormal" style="text-align:center;line-height:150%;"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:sans-serif;color:#656565;"><a shape="rect" href="https://mailchi.mp/blueridgeprism/weed-alert-japanese-stiltgrass?e=bf80900bf7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><span style="color:#656565;">View
this email in your browser</span></a> </span></p>
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<p align="center" class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormal" style="text-align:center;"><a shape="rect" href="https://blueridgeprism.us14.list-manage.com/track/click?u=14f106d040bc4a19e9b83a704&id=87fe4a6d35&e=bf80900bf7" title=" t " target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><span style="text-decoration:none;"><img id="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140_x0000_i1036" border="0" style="width: 100%; max-width: 800px;" src="https://mcusercontent.com/14f106d040bc4a19e9b83a704/images/82474893-9ae3-49f3-b52b-6504bf38e7e4.png" data-inlineimagemanipulating="true" class=""></span></a></p>
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<p align="center" class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormal" style="text-align:center;line-height:200%;"><span style="font-size:24.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:sans-serif;color:red;">- WEED ALERT -</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:200%;font-family:sans-serif;color:#F2F2F2;"></span></p>
<p align="center" class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormal" style="text-align:center;line-height:200%;"><span style="font-size:24.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:sans-serif;color:red;">ACT NOW ON JAPANESE STILTGRASS</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:200%;font-family:sans-serif;color:#F2F2F2;">
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<p class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormal" style="line-height:125%;"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;line-height:125%;font-family:sans-serif;color:#202020;">Image: Japanese stiltgrass. Photo credit: Chuck Bargeron, University of Georgia</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:125%;font-family:sans-serif;color:#202020;">
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<p class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:sans-serif;color:#202020;">Now is the time to begin controlling <strong><span style="font-family:sans-serif;">Japanese stiltgrass,
</span></strong><em><b><span style="font-family:sans-serif;">Microstegium vimineum, </span></b></em>in the weeks just before it flowers and sets seed.
</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:sans-serif;color:black;">A native of Asia, Japanese stiltgrass was once used as packing material for transporting porcelain-- this is probably how it was introduced to North America.
The earliest report of Japanese stiltgrass in the United States was in Knoxville, Tennessee in 1919. Currently, abundant amounts of Japanese stiltgrass can be found in most of the eastern United States. In Virginia, it is present in
<a shape="rect" href="https://blueridgeprism.us14.list-manage.com/track/click?u=14f106d040bc4a19e9b83a704&id=8a6a21f4f7&e=bf80900bf7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">
<span style="color:#007C89;">every county</span></a>.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:sans-serif;color:#202020;"><br clear="none">
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</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:sans-serif;color:#202020;">A single Japanese stiltgrass plant can produce up to 1,000 seeds that can remain viable in the soil for at least three years. The seeds are then spread by
animals, rain runoff, soil, and even human foot traffic. Taking action now will help minimize seed production and prevent stiltgrass from achieving a wider footprint.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:sans-serif;color:#202020;">
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<p align="center" class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormal" style="text-align:center;line-height:200%;"><span style="font-size:19.5pt;line-height:200%;font-family:sans-serif;color:teal;">JAPANESE STILTGRASS THREATENS<br clear="none">
NATIVE PLANTS AND FORESTS</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:sans-serif;color:#202020;"></span></p>
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<p class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:sans-serif;color:black;">Japanese stiltgrass can spread quickly into a dense mat invading disturbed areas like floodplain forests and openings
in the forest canopy. It moves readily along trails and roads. White-tailed deer especially avoid this plant increasing the browsing pressure on native plants. This leaves the stiltgrass to invade the ensuing open spaces, thereby posing a potential threat
to the future of our forests. Japanase stiltgrass also increases the threat of intense forest fires due to the thick mats of dried leaves and stems present in the fall.<br clear="none">
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Moreover, because infestations of Japanese stiltgrass change the habitat of the forest floor, it becomes less hospitable for some ground-nesting bird species and even the American toad. Left alone, Japanese stiltgrass can overtake native plant life and vegetation
in just three to five years.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:sans-serif;color:black;"><br clear="none">
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</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:sans-serif;color:black;">Learn more:</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:sans-serif;color:#202020;"><br clear="none">
<a shape="rect" href="https://blueridgeprism.us14.list-manage.com/track/click?u=14f106d040bc4a19e9b83a704&id=a6950d9882&e=bf80900bf7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em><span style="font-family:sans-serif;">Deer prefer native plants leaving lasting damage on forests</span></em></a><br clear="none">
<a shape="rect" href="https://blueridgeprism.us14.list-manage.com/track/click?u=14f106d040bc4a19e9b83a704&id=054d7c6ba3&e=bf80900bf7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em><span style="font-family:sans-serif;">More wolf spiders feasting on American toads due to invasive grass</span></em></a></span></p>
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<p align="center" class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormal" style="text-align:center;"><img id="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140_x0000_i1034" border="0" style="width: 100%; max-width: 800px;" src="https://mcusercontent.com/14f106d040bc4a19e9b83a704/images/4599a9f5-a489-f34e-d177-9c84eaed5d5d.jpg" data-inlineimagemanipulating="true" class=""></p>
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<table align="left" class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormalTable" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" style="width:100.0%;border-collapse:collapse;max-width:100%;min-width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" valign="top" style="padding:0in 13.5pt 6.75pt 13.5pt;">
<p class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormal" style="line-height:125%;"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;line-height:125%;font-family:sans-serif;color:#202020;">Image: A forest invaded by Japanese stiltgrass. Photo credit: USDA Forest Service</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:125%;font-family:sans-serif;color:#202020;"></span></p>
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<table align="left" class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormalTable" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" style="width:100.0%;border-collapse:collapse;max-width:100%;min-width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" valign="top" style="padding:0in 13.5pt 6.75pt 13.5pt;">
<p align="center" class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormal" style="text-align:center;line-height:150%;"><span style="font-size:19.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:sans-serif;color:teal;">APPEARANCE</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:sans-serif;color:#202020;"><br clear="none">
</span></p>
<p class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:sans-serif;color:black;">Japanese stiltgrass is a warm season, annual grass with shallow roots. It is found across a variety of light and moisture
conditions. Plant height varies from 6 inches to 4 feet tall depending upon the growing conditions and grows tallest in moist and sunny environments. Taller plants will typically lie flat along the ground or propped up against other vegetation. Stiltgrass has
pale green, lance-shaped leaves that are between one to three inches long. The leaves alternate along an often droopy stem. Look for a silvery main vein running just off center of each leaf.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:sans-serif;color:#202020;"></span></p>
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<p align="center" class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormal" style="text-align:center;"><img id="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140_x0000_i1033" border="0" style="width: 100%; max-width: 800px;" src="https://mcusercontent.com/14f106d040bc4a19e9b83a704/images/a3b4e92e-ef80-4fc8-83e0-795cc18d00f8.jpg" data-inlineimagemanipulating="true" class=""></p>
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<p class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormal" style="line-height:125%;"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;line-height:125%;font-family:sans-serif;color:#202020;">Image: Japanese stiltgrass leaves feature an off center silverly main vein. Photo credit: West Virginia Extension
Service</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:125%;font-family:sans-serif;color:#202020;"></span></p>
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<p align="center" class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormal" style="text-align:center;line-height:150%;"><span style="font-size:19.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:sans-serif;color:teal;">CONTROL</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:sans-serif;color:#202020;"></span></p>
<p class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:sans-serif;color:#202020;"><br clear="none">
</span><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:sans-serif;color:black;">Hand-pull:</span></strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:sans-serif;color:black;"> Small patches in garden
beds or elsewhere can be easily hand-pulled because of Japanese stiltgrass' shallow root system. Pulling when the soil is moist will speed the process.<br clear="none">
<br clear="none">
<strong><span style="font-family:sans-serif;">Mow: </span></strong>For larger areas of stiltgrass, use a mower set very low and cut as close to the ground as possible, so no green is left on the plant. This decreases the chance of it resprouting. If
using a string-trimmer, hold the trimmer at a slight downward angle so the string digs about a quarter-inch into the ground to sever roots from stems. Leave clippings from mowed or cut stiltgrass in place to die if seeds have not formed.
<strong><span style="font-family:sans-serif;">Timing is key here. Mow when the plants are just about to flower, August - September. </span></strong><br clear="none">
<br clear="none">
<strong><span style="font-family:sans-serif;">Foliar Spray:</span></strong> Apply a recommended herbicide before stiltgrass flowers and sets seed, July - early September. Grass selective herbicides are most effective. See
<a shape="rect" href="https://blueridgeprism.us14.list-manage.com/track/click?u=14f106d040bc4a19e9b83a704&id=1347c58e7c&e=bf80900bf7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">
<span style="color:#007C89;">Virginia Department of Forestry Guidelines</span></a> or
<a shape="rect" href="https://blueridgeprism.us14.list-manage.com/track/click?u=14f106d040bc4a19e9b83a704&id=54b76ac96c&e=bf80900bf7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">
<span style="color:#007C89;">A Management Guide for Invasive Plants in Southern Forests</span></a> for specific herbicide recommendations. </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:sans-serif;color:#202020;">
</span></p>
<p class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:sans-serif;color:#202020;"><br clear="none">
</span><strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:sans-serif;color:black;">Notes:</span></strong><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:sans-serif;color:black;"><br clear="none">
<br clear="none">
Be aware that although you have eliminated this year’s seed production there is still seed in the soil that can germinate. As a result, you will need to employ monitoring and management techniques for a number of years. It is worth it!<br clear="none">
<br clear="none">
Always follow all herbicide label directions and wear personal protective equipment (PPE) per label instructions. <br clear="none">
<br clear="none">
Take care to avoid herbicide contact with desirable plants.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:sans-serif;color:#202020;"> <br clear="none">
</span></p>
<p class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:sans-serif;color:#202020;"><a shape="rect" href="https://blueridgeprism.us14.list-manage.com/track/click?u=14f106d040bc4a19e9b83a704&id=d55a251c16&e=bf80900bf7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><span style="color:mediumblue;">Download
our fact sheet</span></a> </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:sans-serif;color:black;">for more information.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:sans-serif;color:#202020;"></span></p>
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<p align="center" class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormal" style="text-align:center;"><img id="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140_x0000_i1032" border="0" style="width: 451px; max-width: 451px;" src="https://mcusercontent.com/14f106d040bc4a19e9b83a704/images/81f21025-91a9-5b89-de1a-9965c2bdb7cb.jpg" data-inlineimagemanipulating="true" class=""></p>
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<p class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormal"> </p>
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<table align="left" class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormalTable" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" style="width:100.0%;border-collapse:collapse;max-width:100%;min-width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" valign="top" style="padding:0in 13.5pt 6.75pt 13.5pt;">
<p class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormal" style="line-height:150%;"><span style="font-size:7.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:sans-serif;color:#202020;">Image: Characteristics of Japanese stiltgrass. Photo credit: Alabama Cooperative Extension System </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:sans-serif;color:#202020;">
</span></p>
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<table align="left" class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormalTable" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" style="width:100.0%;border-collapse:collapse;min-width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="padding:6.75pt 13.5pt 6.75pt 13.5pt;">
<table class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormalTable" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="100%" style="width:100.0%;background:#FFEBA8;border-collapse:collapse;min-width:100%!important;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" valign="top" style="padding:13.5pt 13.5pt 13.5pt 13.5pt;">
<p align="center" class="ydpe9e7eb85yiv3299193140MsoNormal" style="text-align:center;line-height:150%;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:sans-serif;color:teal;">Want to learn more about managing Japanese stiltgrass<br clear="none">
and other invasive warm season grasses? <br clear="none">
<br clear="none">
Join Blue Ridge PRISM for our quarterly summer meeting<br clear="none">
on Wednesday, July 21st at 1 pm! <br clear="none">
<br clear="none">
Click </span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:sans-serif;color:#F2F2F2;"><a shape="rect" href="https://blueridgeprism.us14.list-manage.com/track/click?u=14f106d040bc4a19e9b83a704&id=ee90fa6ff1&e=bf80900bf7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong><span style="font-family:sans-serif;color:red;">HERE</span></strong></a></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:150%;font-family:sans-serif;color:teal;">
to register for this free online event.</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt;line-height:150%;font-family:sans-serif;color:#F2F2F2;"></span></p>
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