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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link="#0563C1" vlink="#954F72" style='word-wrap:break-word'><div class=WordSection1><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal>Allelopathy <o:p></o:p></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0in;text-indent:-1.0in;text-autospace:none'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>Potential biological control research direction<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>Invasive species utilize a wide array of trait strategies to establish in novel ecosystems. Among these traits is the capacity to produce allelopathic compounds that can directly inhibit neighboring native plants or indirectly suppress native plants via disruption of beneficial belowground microbial mutualisms, or altered soil resources. Despite the well-known prevalence of allelopathy among plant taxa, the pervasiveness of allelopathy among invasive plants is unknown. Here we demonstrate that the majority of the 524 invasive plant species in our database produce allelochemicals with the potential to negatively affect native plant performance. Moreover, allelopathy is widespread across the plant phylogeny, suggesting that allelopathy could have a large impact on native species across the globe. Allelopathic impacts of invasive species are often thought to be present in only a few plant clades (e.g., Brassicaceae). Yet our analysis shows that allelopathy is present in 72% of the 113 plant families surveyed, suggesting that this ubiquitous mechanism of invasion deserves more attention as invasion rates increase across the globe.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt'>Discussion and conclusion<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>Invasive species are among the greatest threats to native plant biodiversity (Gaertner et al. </span><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-020-02383-6#ref-CR8" title="Gaertner M, Den Breeyen A, Hui C, Richardson DM (2009) Impacts of alien plant invaders on species richness in Mediterranean-type ecosystems: a meta-analysis. Prog Phys Geogr 33:319–338.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133309341607
"><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:blue'>2009</span></a><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>; Powell et al. </span><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-020-02383-6#ref-CR19" title="Powell KI, Chase JM, Knight T (2011) Invasive plants have scale-dependent effects on diversity by altering species-area relationships. Science 339:316–318.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1226817
"><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:blue'>2011</span></a><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>; Vilà et al. </span><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-020-02383-6#ref-CR25" title="Vilà M, Espinar JL, Hejda M, Hulme PE, Jarošík V, Maron JL, Pergl J, Schaffner U, Sun Y, Pyšek P (2011) Ecological impacts of invasive alien plants: a meta-analysis of their effects on species, communities and ecosystems. Ecol Lett 14:702–708.
"><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:blue'>2011</span></a><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>) and the prevalence of invasive plants is increasing (MEA </span><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-020-02383-6#ref-CR15" title="Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) Millennium ecosystem assessment synthesis report. Island, Washington"><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:blue'>2005</span></a><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>). Despite this threat to native biodiversity, the mechanisms underlying invasion are still not well resolved. Here we demonstrate that allelopathy is a common invasion mechanism across the plant phylogeny, present in every lineage examined. Given that not all invasive plants in our database have been tested, it is likely that allelopathy in invasive species is even greater than we report here. While model allelopathic invasive plants (e.g., <i>Alliaria petiolata</i> (garlic mustard); <i>Fallopia japonica</i> (Japanese knotweed)) have received the bulk of study and notoriety in invasion literature, our analysis suggests allelopathy is a widespread mechanism of invasion success. Future research aimed at demonstrating the prevalence of direct (e.g., plant-plant inhibition) versus indirect pathways (e.g., inhabitation of native plant-microbial interactions) of allelopathy is necessary to mediate the detrimental effects of invasion in native ecosystems. </span><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-020-02383-6#article-info"><span style='color:blue'>Published: 03 November 2020</span></a> <a href="https://link.springer.com/journal/10530"><i><span style='color:blue'>Biological Invasions</span></i></a> <b>volume 23</b>, pages 367–371 <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div><div id="DAB4FAD8-2DD7-40BB-A1B8-4E2AA1F9FDF2">
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