<div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:small">Marc,</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:small"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:small">Very interesting information! I am not sure why your gmail is not being accepted by MAIPC. That's for someone else!</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:small"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:small">Thank you,</div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:small"><br></div><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:small">Jil </div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Sun, Nov 28, 2021 at 11:36 AM <<a href="mailto:wildmarcimlay@gmail.com">wildmarcimlay@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div lang="EN-US" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;"><div class="gmail-m_365294610781470528WordSection1"><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">Hi Jill,<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">Could you share this on MAIPC and MD invasives. It does not accept my new gmail account which I use when my RCN account falsely rejects because of “spam” error. <u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">Marc <u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b>From:</b> Marc Imlay <<a href="mailto:ialm@erols.com" target="_blank">ialm@erols.com</a>> <br><b>Sent:</b> Sunday, November 28, 2021 9:00 AM<br><b>To:</b> '<a href="mailto:aliens-l@list.auckland.ac.nz" target="_blank">aliens-l@list.auckland.ac.nz</a>' <<a href="mailto:aliens-l@list.auckland.ac.nz" target="_blank">aliens-l@list.auckland.ac.nz</a>><br><b>Cc:</b> '<a href="mailto:INVASIVES@LISTSERV.UMD.EDU" target="_blank">INVASIVES@LISTSERV.UMD.EDU</a>' <<a href="mailto:INVASIVES@LISTSERV.UMD.EDU" target="_blank">INVASIVES@LISTSERV.UMD.EDU</a>><br><b>Subject:</b> Allelopathy <u></u><u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:1in"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">Potential biological control research direction<u></u><u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">Invasive species utilize a wide array of trait strategies to establish in novel ecosystems. Among these traits is the capacity to produce allelopathic compounds that can directly inhibit neighboring native plants or indirectly suppress native plants via disruption of beneficial belowground microbial mutualisms, or altered soil resources. Despite the well-known prevalence of allelopathy among plant taxa, the pervasiveness of allelopathy among invasive plants is unknown. Here we demonstrate that the majority of the 524 invasive plant species in our database produce allelochemicals with the potential to negatively affect native plant performance. Moreover, allelopathy is widespread across the plant phylogeny, suggesting that allelopathy could have a large impact on native species across the globe. Allelopathic impacts of invasive species are often thought to be present in only a few plant clades (e.g., Brassicaceae). Yet our analysis shows that allelopathy is present in 72% of the 113 plant families surveyed, suggesting that this ubiquitous mechanism of invasion deserves more attention as invasion rates increase across the globe.<b><u></u><u></u></b></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:18pt"><u></u> <u></u></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:18pt">Discussion and conclusion<u></u><u></u></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif">Invasive species are among the greatest threats to native plant biodiversity (Gaertner et al. <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-020-02383-6#ref-CR8" title="Gaertner M, Den Breeyen A, Hui C, Richardson DM (2009) Impacts of alien plant invaders on species richness in Mediterranean-type ecosystems: a meta-analysis. Prog Phys Geogr 33:319–338.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133309341607" target="_blank">2009</a>; Powell et al. <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-020-02383-6#ref-CR19" title="Powell KI, Chase JM, Knight T (2011) Invasive plants have scale-dependent effects on diversity by altering species-area relationships. Science 339:316–318.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1226817" target="_blank">2011</a>; Vilà et al. <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-020-02383-6#ref-CR25" title="Vilà M, Espinar JL, Hejda M, Hulme PE, Jarošík V, Maron JL, Pergl J, Schaffner U, Sun Y, Pyšek P (2011) Ecological impacts of invasive alien plants: a meta-analysis of their effects on species, communities and ecosystems. Ecol Lett 14:702–708." target="_blank">2011</a>) and the prevalence of invasive plants is increasing (MEA <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-020-02383-6#ref-CR15" title="Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) Millennium ecosystem assessment synthesis report. Island, Washington" target="_blank">2005</a>). Despite this threat to native biodiversity, the mechanisms underlying invasion are still not well resolved. Here we demonstrate that allelopathy is a common invasion mechanism across the plant phylogeny, present in every lineage examined. Given that not all invasive plants in our database have been tested, it is likely that allelopathy in invasive species is even greater than we report here. While model allelopathic invasive plants (e.g., <i>Alliaria petiolata</i> (garlic mustard); <i>Fallopia japonica</i> (Japanese knotweed)) have received the bulk of study and notoriety in invasion literature, our analysis suggests allelopathy is a widespread mechanism of invasion success. Future research aimed at demonstrating the prevalence of direct (e.g., plant-plant inhibition) versus indirect pathways (e.g., inhabitation of native plant-microbial interactions) of allelopathy is necessary to mediate the detrimental effects of invasion in native ecosystems. </span><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-020-02383-6#article-info" target="_blank">Published: 03 November 2020</a> <a href="https://link.springer.com/journal/10530" target="_blank"><i>Biological Invasions</i></a> <b>volume 23</b>, pages 367–371 <u></u><u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:14pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p></div><div id="gmail-m_365294610781470528DAB4FAD8-2DD7-40BB-A1B8-4E2AA1F9FDF2">
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