<html xmlns:v="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:w="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word" xmlns:m="http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/2004/12/omml" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><head><meta http-equiv=Content-Type content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name=Generator content="Microsoft Word 15 (filtered medium)"><!--[if !mso]><style>v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
.shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);}
</style><![endif]--><style><!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{margin:0in;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:blue;
text-decoration:underline;}
span.EmailStyle19
{mso-style-type:personal-reply;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
color:windowtext;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
--></style><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1026" />
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapelayout v:ext="edit">
<o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1" />
</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple style='word-wrap:break-word'><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal><b>From:</b> MAIPC <maipc-bounces@lists.maipc.org> <b>On Behalf Of </b>Jil Swearingen<br><b>Sent:</b> Sunday, November 28, 2021 12:12 PM<br><b>To:</b> wildmarcimlay@gmail.com; MAIPC Listserve <maipc@lists.maipc.org><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [MAIPC] Allelopathy<o:p></o:p></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>Marc,<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>Very interesting information! I am not sure why your gmail is not being accepted by MAIPC. That's for someone else!<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>Thank you,<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>Jil <o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><div><p class=MsoNormal>On Sun, Nov 28, 2021 at 11:36 AM <<a href="mailto:wildmarcimlay@gmail.com">wildmarcimlay@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p></div><blockquote style='border:none;border-left:solid #CCCCCC 1.0pt;padding:0in 0in 0in 6.0pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-right:0in'><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>Hi Jill,</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>Could you share this on MAIPC and MD invasives. It does not accept my new gmail account which I use when my RCN account falsely rejects because of “spam” error. </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>Marc </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b>From:</b> Marc Imlay <<a href="mailto:ialm@erols.com" target="_blank">ialm@erols.com</a>> <br><b>Sent:</b> Sunday, November 28, 2021 9:00 AM<br><b>To:</b> '<a href="mailto:aliens-l@list.auckland.ac.nz" target="_blank">aliens-l@list.auckland.ac.nz</a>' <<a href="mailto:aliens-l@list.auckland.ac.nz" target="_blank">aliens-l@list.auckland.ac.nz</a>><br><b>Cc:</b> '<a href="mailto:INVASIVES@LISTSERV.UMD.EDU" target="_blank">INVASIVES@LISTSERV.UMD.EDU</a>' <<a href="mailto:INVASIVES@LISTSERV.UMD.EDU" target="_blank">INVASIVES@LISTSERV.UMD.EDU</a>><br><b>Subject:</b> Allelopathy <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;margin-left:1.0in'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>Potential biological control research direction</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>Invasive species utilize a wide array of trait strategies to establish in novel ecosystems. Among these traits is the capacity to produce allelopathic compounds that can directly inhibit neighboring native plants or indirectly suppress native plants via disruption of beneficial belowground microbial mutualisms, or altered soil resources. Despite the well-known prevalence of allelopathy among plant taxa, the pervasiveness of allelopathy among invasive plants is unknown. Here we demonstrate that the majority of the 524 invasive plant species in our database produce allelochemicals with the potential to negatively affect native plant performance. Moreover, allelopathy is widespread across the plant phylogeny, suggesting that allelopathy could have a large impact on native species across the globe. Allelopathic impacts of invasive species are often thought to be present in only a few plant clades (e.g., Brassicaceae). Yet our analysis shows that allelopathy is present in 72% of the 113 plant families surveyed, suggesting that this ubiquitous mechanism of invasion deserves more attention as invasion rates increase across the globe.</span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt'> </span></b><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt'>Discussion and conclusion</span></b><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>Invasive species are among the greatest threats to native plant biodiversity (Gaertner et al. <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-020-02383-6#ref-CR8" target="_blank" title="Gaertner M, Den Breeyen A, Hui C, Richardson DM (2009) Impacts of alien plant invaders on species richness in Mediterranean-type ecosystems: a meta-analysis. Prog Phys Geogr 33:319–338.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133309341607">2009</a>; Powell et al. <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-020-02383-6#ref-CR19" target="_blank" title="Powell KI, Chase JM, Knight T (2011) Invasive plants have scale-dependent effects on diversity by altering species-area relationships. Science 339:316–318.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1226817">2011</a>; Vilà et al. <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-020-02383-6#ref-CR25" target="_blank" title="Vilà M, Espinar JL, Hejda M, Hulme PE, Jarošík V, Maron JL, Pergl J, Schaffner U, Sun Y, Pyšek P (2011) Ecological impacts of invasive alien plants: a meta-analysis of their effects on species, communities and ecosystems. Ecol Lett 14:702–708.">2011</a>) and the prevalence of invasive plants is increasing (MEA <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-020-02383-6#ref-CR15" target="_blank" title="Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) Millennium ecosystem assessment synthesis report. Island, Washington">2005</a>). Despite this threat to native biodiversity, the mechanisms underlying invasion are still not well resolved. Here we demonstrate that allelopathy is a common invasion mechanism across the plant phylogeny, present in every lineage examined. Given that not all invasive plants in our database have been tested, it is likely that allelopathy in invasive species is even greater than we report here. While model allelopathic invasive plants (e.g., <i>Alliaria petiolata</i> (garlic mustard); <i>Fallopia japonica</i> (Japanese knotweed)) have received the bulk of study and notoriety in invasion literature, our analysis suggests allelopathy is a widespread mechanism of invasion success. Future research aimed at demonstrating the prevalence of direct (e.g., plant-plant inhibition) versus indirect pathways (e.g., inhabitation of native plant-microbial interactions) of allelopathy is necessary to mediate the detrimental effects of invasion in native ecosystems. </span><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-020-02383-6#article-info" target="_blank">Published: 03 November 2020</a> <a href="https://link.springer.com/journal/10530" target="_blank"><i>Biological Invasions</i></a> <b>volume 23</b>, pages 367–371 <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'> </span><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'> </span><o:p></o:p></p></div><div id="gmail-m_365294610781470528DAB4FAD8-2DD7-40BB-A1B8-4E2AA1F9FDF2"><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></p><div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><hr size=1 width="99%" noshade style='color:#909090' align=center></div><table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 style='border-collapse:collapse'><tr><td style='padding:0in 11.25pt 0in 6.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal><a href="https://www.avast.com/antivirus" target="_blank"><span style='text-decoration:none'><img border=0 width=90 height=33 style='width:.9375in;height:.3437in' id="_x0000_i1026" src="https://static.avast.com/emails/avast-mail-stamp.png" alt="Avast logo"></span></a><o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'><p><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:#3D4D5A'>This email has been checked for viruses by Avast antivirus software. <br><a href="https://www.avast.com/antivirus" target="_blank">www.avast.com</a> <o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr></table><p class=MsoNormal><br><br><o:p></o:p></p></div></div></blockquote></div></div></div></body></html>