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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple style='word-wrap:break-word'><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>Plant pathogens that have been identified on lesser celandine include the<b> host-specific fungal rust</b> Uromyces ficariae (Schumach) Lev. (Minter and Tykhonenko 2002); downy mildew (Peronospora ficariae Tul.) (Hall 1998); fungal leaf spot (Entyloma ficariae Thüm.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>Author: </span></b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>Annie E. Axtell, Antonio DiTommaso, Angela R. Post<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>Cited by: </span></b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><a href="https://academic.microsoft.com/paper/2144562765/citedby/?source=bing" target="_blank">13</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>Publish Year: </span></b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>2010<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt'><a href="https://bioone.org/journals/invasive-plant-science-and-management/volume-3/issue-2/IPSM-D-09-00044.1/Lesser-Celandine-Ranunculus-ficaria--A-Threat-to-Woodland-Habitats/10.1614/IPSM-D-09-00044.1.full#:~:text=Plant%20pathogens%20that%20have%20been%20identified%20on%20lesser,%28Hall%201998%29%3B%20fungal%20leaf%20spot%20%28Entyloma%20ficariae%20Th%C3%BCm." target="_blank">Lesser Celandine (Ranunculus ficaria): A Threat to ...</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=MsoNormal><img border=0 width=16 height=16 style='width:.1666in;height:.1666in' id="Picture_x0020_1" src="cid:image001.png@01D7E947.BBF9F770"><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><i>bioone.org/journals/invasive-plant-science-and-management/volume-3/issue-2/I…</i><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><b><i>Ficaria verna</i></b>, (formerly <b><i>Ranunculus ficaria</i></b> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a>) commonly known as <b>lesser celandine</b> or <b>pilewort</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-BSBI07_3-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficaria_verna#cite_note-BSBI07-3">[3]</a></sup> is a low-growing, hairless perennial <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plant</a> in the buttercup family <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranunculaceae" title=Ranunculaceae>Ranunculaceae</a> native to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title=Europe>Europe</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Asia" title="Western Asia">west Asia</a>. It has fleshy dark green, heart-shaped leaves and distinctive flowers with bright yellow, glossy petals.<sup id="cite_ref-kooi_4-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficaria_verna#cite_note-kooi-4">[4]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficaria_verna#cite_note-newscientist-5">[5]</a></sup> It is now introduced in North America, where it is known by the common name <b>fig buttercup</b> and considered an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficaria_verna#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficaria_verna#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficaria_verna#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficaria_verna#cite_note-:5-9">[9]</a></sup> The plant is poisonous if ingested raw and potentially fatal to grazing animals and livestock such as horses, cattle, and sheep.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficaria_verna#cite_note-:1-10">[1</a></sup><o:p></o:p></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal><b>From:</b> Marc Imlay <ialm@erols.com> <br><b>Sent:</b> Saturday, December 04, 2021 4:30 PM<br><b>To:</b> 'INVASIVES@LISTSERV.UMD.EDU' <INVASIVES@LISTSERV.UMD.EDU><br><b>Cc:</b> 'rsforza@ars-ebcl.org' <rsforza@ars-ebcl.org><br><b>Subject:</b> FW: USDA scientists have discovered a promising biological control agent for the invasive plant, Tree-of-Heaven (Ailanthus altissima)<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'> Thank you René and your team in France for doing this great research. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><b>From:</b> Rod Simmons <<a href="mailto:simmons22041@gmail.com">simmons22041@gmail.com</a>> <br><b>Sent:</b> Friday, December 03, 2021 9:53 PM<br><b>To:</b> Marc Imlay <<a href="mailto:ialm@erols.com">ialm@erols.com</a>><br><b>Cc:</b> Marc Imlay <<a href="mailto:marc.imlay@mdsierra.org">marc.imlay@mdsierra.org</a>>; Laurel Imlay <<a href="mailto:laurel.imlay@mdsierra.org">laurel.imlay@mdsierra.org</a>>; Jil Swearingen <<a href="mailto:jilswearingen@gmail.com">jilswearingen@gmail.com</a>>; Judy Fulton <<a href="mailto:jfulton5@gmail.com">jfulton5@gmail.com</a>><br><b>Subject:</b> USDA scientists have discovered a promising biological control agent for the invasive plant, Tree-of-Heaven (Ailanthus altissima)<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Currently on the Capital Naturalist Facebook page:<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><a href="https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ars.usda.gov%2Fnews-events%2Fnews%2Fresearch-news%2F2021%2Fars-scientists-discover-a-promising-biological-control-agent-for-tree-of-heaven-in-france%2F%3Futm_source%3Dfeedburner%26utm_medium%3Demail%26fbclid%3DIwAR1_IyZfBpQ6apAJzu_T62a6JdxFbL2xPxYANpvrmx2ArqopmGQTEZyB4r4&h=AT3pL9hx7DNiGh69JMxhAi5BkJ_IhpwjOd56oE78yaQGErNfQq6P91GOEAIkjHoS4xLNoAOUcZbovOuF9R5aLieQK4HzdphHDT1sh128FgdFEE0YP4rCMQo1pb3ytaOrrg0&__tn__=H-y-R&c%5b0%5d=AT1sYmrplGavDLtE2PHnLU5qsJtT_Aqlagf6WPApnYgmcrh-OYqex_UVQb6g5ibicmwxhZz3Kkj5jDFalyVxXYY6ch0WpHv5Rol3qAJDtemRmPRP6TL8fV8noyb12XG8CvXpMu-IMJV0-QWfEILAKOReICf7c27dRa9LxRmivf6JfkzHuoo6SviFFtd005DpYqgowmRO5jiEYfmhKmIsmxHP9p7Mc1sF_mJU-NdY5ok">https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ars.usda.gov%2Fnews-events%2Fnews%2Fresearch-news%2F2021%2Fars-scientists-discover-a-promising-biological-control-agent-for-tree-of-heaven-in-france%2F%3Futm_source%3Dfeedburner%26utm_medium%3Demail%26fbclid%3DIwAR1_IyZfBpQ6apAJzu_T62a6JdxFbL2xPxYANpvrmx2ArqopmGQTEZyB4r4&h=AT3pL9hx7DNiGh69JMxhAi5BkJ_IhpwjOd56oE78yaQGErNfQq6P91GOEAIkjHoS4xLNoAOUcZbovOuF9R5aLieQK4HzdphHDT1sh128FgdFEE0YP4rCMQo1pb3ytaOrrg0&__tn__=H-y-R&c[0]=AT1sYmrplGavDLtE2PHnLU5qsJtT_Aqlagf6WPApnYgmcrh-OYqex_UVQb6g5ibicmwxhZz3Kkj5jDFalyVxXYY6ch0WpHv5Rol3qAJDtemRmPRP6TL8fV8noyb12XG8CvXpMu-IMJV0-QWfEILAKOReICf7c27dRa9LxRmivf6JfkzHuoo6SviFFtd005DpYqgowmRO5jiEYfmhKmIsmxHP9p7Mc1sF_mJU-NdY5ok</a><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div id=DAB4FAD8-2DD7-40BB-A1B8-4E2AA1F9FDF2><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></p><div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><hr size=1 width="99%" noshade style='color:#909090' align=center></div><table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 style='border-collapse:collapse'><tr><td style='padding:0in 11.25pt 0in 6.0pt'><p class=MsoNormal><a href="https://www.avast.com/antivirus"><span style='text-decoration:none'><img border=0 width=90 height=33 style='width:.9375in;height:.3437in' id="_x0000_i1026" src="https://static.avast.com/emails/avast-mail-stamp.png" alt="Avast logo"></span></a><o:p></o:p></p></td><td style='padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt'><p><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:#3D4D5A'>This email has been checked for viruses by Avast antivirus software. <br><a href="https://www.avast.com/antivirus">www.avast.com</a> <o:p></o:p></span></p></td></tr></table><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></p></div></div></body></html>