[MAIPC] biological control of ground ivy/ gill over the ground2019

[MARGARET L CHATHAM]

Ground ivy is invading Fraser Preserve, a 220-acre, mostly hardwood forested Nature Conservancy property on the Potomac River in Virginia, upstream of Great Falls. The ground ivy seems to have arrived on stream flooding and by way of the road and to a lesser extent trails, but now spreads far beyond these. It does not seem at all fazed by shade. It does not seem to grow in the same areas as either Microstegium vimineum (stilt grass) or Oplismenus undulatifolius (wavy leaf), leading me to wonder whether there is allelopathy at work here, and if so, which plant is the stronger — and which invader is the worst.

Margaret Chatham 

> On Apr 18, 2019, at 4:58 PM, ialm at erols.com wrote:
> 
> I find it a major invader in natural areas that are not dense shade. There
> are no lawns nearby generally. Marc
> 
> Original email:
> -----------------
> From: Muth, Norris  (MUTH) MUTH at juniata.edu
> Date: Thu, 18 Apr 2019 16:20:00 +0000
> To: maipc at lists.maipc.org
> Subject: Re: [MAIPC] biological control of ground ivy/ gill over the
> ground2019
> 
> 
> Does ground ivy invade areas other than lawns and lawn-adjacent areas? I
> don’t mean to suggest it would be wrong to manage something like that –
> just genuinely curious if anyone sees it as problematic or interfering with
> their management goals.
> 
> —
> Norris Z. Muth, Ph.D.
> Juniata College
> muthlab.org<http://muthlab.org/>
> 
> 
> From: MAIPC <maipc-bounces at lists.maipc.org> on behalf of Marc Imlay
> <ialm at erols.com>
> Date: Thursday, April 18, 2019 at 8:01 AM
> To: "INVASIVES at LISTSERV.UMD.EDU" <INVASIVES at LISTSERV.UMD.EDU>,
> "maipc at lists.maipc.org" <maipc at lists.maipc.org>
> Subject: [MAIPC] biological control of ground ivy/ gill over the ground 2019
> 
> 
> So what is the impact of this rust on native plants?
> 
> Marc
> 
> 
> • Biological control- A new rust fungus, Puccinia glechomatis, that
> attacks ground ivy has potential as a biocontrol for this invasive species.
> The fungus forms small tan dots on the undersides of the leaves and stems.
> A severe infection can cause death of a whole leaf segment or an entire
> stolon and all its leaves.
> https://www.invasive.org/weedcd/pdfs/wow/ground-ivy.pdf
> 
> The objective of this study was to find features in microcyclic rust fungi
> (Uredinales) on wild host plants favorable for extension of the natural
> range of distribution. Puccinia glechomatis, a leptosporic rust fungus and
> its herbal host Glechoma hederacea (Lamiaceae), both natives to Eurasia and
> introduced in North America, were used for this study. Although the host
> has been known from North America since the beginning of the nineteenth
> century, the rust fungus was first observed there only in recent years.
> Favorable features were identified by studying the life cycle of the rust,
> including nuclear conditions and seasonal characteristics as well as its
> spread in North America. The life cycle was studied macroscopically by
> inoculation experiments, by various light microscope techniques, and by
> scanning electron microscopy. The spread of the pathogen and its host were
> reconstructed by evaluating host plant herbarium specimens and databases,
> literature, and field study data. The studies on P. glechomatis show that,
> generally for microcyclic rust fungi, establishment and potential for
> spread are based on several favorable features of both the host (e.g.,
> synanthropic occurence and dispersal, genetic stability, regeneration of
> vegetative plant parts) and the rust fungus (asexual reproduction/genetic
> stability, homothallism, propagation with host plant, formation of both
> leptospores and thick-walled teliospores).
> https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225333251_Life_cycle_and_life_strat
> egy_features_of_Puccinia_glechomatis_Uredinales_favorable_for_extending_the_
> natural_range_of_distribution
> 
> There have been no biological
> control<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_control> agents introduced
> by agencies such as the USDA<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USDA> in North
> America to help to reduce its spread. It even appears that no research has
> been done on the subject of biological control agents for this
> plant.[2]<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glechoma_hederacea#cite_note-waggy-2
>> Biological control, however, is the most ecologically effective type of
> control for plants such as this that invade
> woodland<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodland> ecosystems, as it does not
> cause destruction of valued species, or pollution, as chemical control
> attempts do.
> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glechoma_hederacea
> 
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